himself designated as early as 1848 as the probable site of the Mausoleum. Fragments of a frieze and columns, a lion like those on the castle, and a colossal arm, were soon brought to light; and the discovery of a marble equestrian statue placed it beyond doubt that the right place had at last been reached. The head of the horse and the whole upper part of the rider are missing, but the mutilated figure is still instinct with animation, and betrays the hand of a master. By the beginning of April Mr. Newton had cleared the entire rocky platform which formed the foundation of the building. It is almost a square, measuring 472 feet in circumference, and formed by quarrying into the living rock. A perfect level had been secured by filling up the depressions with flat stones held together by iron clamps. On the W. side of the platform there was a flight of steps leading to the upper terrace, and near the foot of it were collected alabaster jars, votive figures, and bones of oxen. The main entrance to the inner tomb was probably on this side, and was closed after the corpse had been carried in by a huge stone which was then in its place. Behind this stone was found a remarkable alabaster vase bearing two inscriptions, one in hieroglyphics enclosed by the oval ring which always surrounds the name of an Egyptian Pharaoh, the other in cuneiform characters, signifying, according to Sir Henry Rawlinson, "Xerxes the great king." In the rubbish which covered the foundation were imbedded parts of friezes and colossal statues, which from their position must have fallen from the outside of the building. Among them were 4 slabs found lying in a line along the E. front of the building, where Scopas sculptured, and representing a continuous subject, viz., a battle of Amazons. They are in admirable preservation, and far superior in execution to any of the others, and have an additional interest as being the only undoubted works of Scopas with which we are acquainted. Extending his excavations beyond the foundation bed, Mr. Newton came upon a wall of fine white marble encompassing the whole structure, with a circumference of 1,300 feet. It was nowhere complete, having been used as a quarry. Beyond this, at a place where the wall bulged outward as if from a violent shock, Mr. Newton unearthed a number of flat blocks of white marble, which were at once recognized as the steps of the pyramid, beside halves of two colossal horses, and portions of a chariot, evidently belonging to the quadriga. The figures, more or less complete, of several lions, a leopard, a woman in beautiful drapery without head or arms, the head of a man which proved to be that of Mausolus, and some ornamented lions' heads and capitals of columns, were also found here, some of them at a distance of 44 feet from the foundation. Parts of a chariot wheel were found on the other side. The relics collected from various other quarters comprised a number of standing or sitting statues from 8 to 12 feet high, many lions, the

busts of some of which were taken from the castle in March, 1857, parts of friezes, and a multitude of fragments, all which were packed with great care, and transported to the British museum. Here the task of restoring the mutilated works of art was undertaken, and the statue of Mausolus has at length been reconstructed out of 63 pieces, and is nearly complete. The face is handsome and intelligent, and shaded by a large moustache and short beard. The hair rises from the middle of the forehead, and falls in long curls. The body rests on the right leg, the left knee being somewhat bent, and the right arm was outstretched grasping the reins; the left arm confined the drapery in large folds. A female figure, wanting the head, has also been restored, and is perhaps one of the finest specimens of art recovered from Halicarnassus. There is another female figure enthroned, which was found on the side allotted to Scopas, and probably represents Artemisia, who died before the Mausoleum could have been finished. Like all the architectural and sculptured parts of the Mausoleum, it was painted. With the aid of the partial measurements afforded by Pliny, and a knowledge of the proportions which the different parts of an Ionic building should bear to one another, we are now able to reconstruct the Mausoleum with tolerable accuracy. The basement which enclosed the tomb was 65 feet high. The rectangular structure above this, surrounded by its colonnade, was 37 feet high, and 411 feet in circumference, including the columns. The circumference of the pyramid was 388 feet, and its height 233 feet, while the height of the quadriga and statue was 14 feet 3 inches, making the total elevation of the edifice 140 feet 3 inches. It is not difficult to conjecture upon what parts of the Mausoleum the sculptures were originally placed. The colossal human figures were probably between the columns on the upper edge of the basement, and the leopard and some of the lions which evince a higher style of workmanship than others might have stood by the chariot. The principal friezes, representing conflicts with Amazons, were evidently meant to be seen from a great distance below, and no doubt surmounted the columns, while a second and larger frieze, of which only a few fragments have been found, belong to the basement. The figures on these latter slabs are in basso-rilievo, and executed with exquisite delicacy.

HALIFAX. I. A S. co. of Va., bordering on N. Carolina, bounded E. and N. by Staunton river; area, 960 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 25,962, of whom 14,452 were slaves. The surface is hilly and the soil is fertile, having yielded in 1850 more oats than any other county in the state, and more tobacco than any other in the Union excepting Prince George co., Md. The productions during that year were 146,769 bushels of wheat, 649,896 of Indian corn, 365,182 of oats, and 6,485,762 lbs. of tobacco. There were 9 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 51 churches, and 252 pupils attending public schools.

the year ending Sept. 30, 1858, 55 vessels of the United States, with an aggregate burden of 8,000 tons, entered, and 53 left the port, carrying inward cargoes valued at $138,070 and outward cargoes valued at $25,131; 384 vessels, measuring 23,056 tons, are owned at Halifax. There is a large coasting trade, chiefly in fish and agricultural and mineral produce, in exchange for dry goods, &c. The Cunard British mail steamers from Liverpool to Boston every second week stop at Halifax both going and returning, and there are regular steamers from Halifax to various ports of the United States, Bermuda, Newfoundland, Cape Breton, St. John's, N. B., Annapolis, and Windsor. Stage coaches connect the city with Pictou and Annapolis, and there is telegraphic communication with nearly all parts of the United States and British provinces. Several attempts have been made to open a canal from Halifax to Minas basin, at the foot of the bay of Fundy, the legislature having contributed a grant of £15,000 toward the cost of the work, but it is still unfinished. A railway was commenced in 1854 which will connect Halifax with Quebec and with the great railway systems of Canada and the United States, and 2 branch lines have been constructed as far as Windsor and Truro. The city was founded under the auspices of the earl of Halifax in 1749. On Sept. 9, 1859, it was visited by a conflagration which burned down 60 of the finest buildings, and destroyed $1,000,000 worth of property.

HALIFAX, a municipal and parliamentary borough of England, in the west riding of Yorkshire, picturesquely situated on an acclivity which rises gently from the Hebble, near the junction of that stream with the navigable river Calder, 43 m. S. W. from York, and 217 by rail N. W. from London; pop. in 1851, 33,582. The principal public buildings are St. John's church, a handsome Gothic edifice; Trinity church, an elegant Grecian structure with Ionic pilasters and tower; St. James's church; and the "Piece Hall," a magnificent quadrangular edifice occupying over two acres of ground, and having 315 rooms for the storage and sale of goods. Halifax ranks next to Leeds and Bradford as a seat of the woollen and worsted manufactures.

HALIFAX, EARL OF. See MONTAGUE, CHAS. HALIFAX, MARQUIS OF. See SAVILLE, George.

HALIOTIDE (Gr. ¿λs, the sea, and ous, the ear), a family of the gasteropoda. The shells, distinguished by their ear shape, are nacreous, of low spiral form, aperture large and without operculum. Woodward also includes in this group some trochiform shells, the aperture of which, like that of the true haliotids, is notched or perforated. Haliotis, the genus, includes 75 known living species, and 4 fossil which are found in the miocene of Malta. The living shells are distributed in various seas of tropical and temperate regions. In Japan the animal is used for food. The familiar species tuberculata

is a flat, open shell, of beautiful mother-ofpearl inside, and of reddish brown, often mottled, without, its length 3 to 4 inches and breadth 2 to 3. The outer angle is perforated by a row of holes, which as this approaches the spire is continued with tubercles. The shells belong to deep water, and at low tide they are found at Guernsey attached to the rocks like limpets., On the shores of the Channel islands this species is called the ormer. The inhabitants collect it for food, making it tender by beating. They also use the shell as an ornament of their houses, fixing it in the plaster walls, where it glitters in the sunlight. It is also employed for inlaying and other ornamental purposes. HALL, a N. E. co. of Ga., intersected by the Chattahoochee river and drained by the sources of the Oconee; area, 540 sq. m.; pop. in 1852, 8,802, of whom 1,214 were slaves. It is hilly, and not remarkably fertile, although there is good soil in the river bottoms. The productions in 1850 were 295,759 bushels of Indian corn, 67,914 of oats, 48,206 of sweet potatoes, and 505 bales of cotton. There were 35 grist mills, 7 saw mills, 14 churches, and 209 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate in 1856, $839,564. Gold, silver, lead, diamonds, rubies, emeralds, and amethysts have been found in this county. Organized in 1818. Capital, Gainesville,

It

HALL, BASIL, a British naval officer and writer of travels, born in Edinburgh in 1788, died in Portsmouth, Sept. 11, 1844. He entered the navy in 1802, and was made a post captain in 1817. His first literary production was an account of his personal observations while in command of the brig Lyra, which accompanied Lord Amherst on his mission to China. was entitled "A Voyage of Discovery to the Western Coast of Corea and the Great Loo Choo Island in the Japan Sea" (4to., London, 1818), and attained considerable popularity both from the novelty of the information and the freshness of the style. He was afterward stationed off the Pacific coast of America during the progress of the revolution of the Spanish colonies, and on his return to England published an interesting record of his experiences and observations under the title, "Extracts from a Journal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico in 1820-22" (2 vols. 8vo., 1824). His next work, "Travels in North America," which he visited in 1827 and 1828 (3 vols. 8vo., 1829), is perhaps the best known of his writings on account of the partial and hostile views which it was supposed to take of the institutions of the United States, and which subjected it to many severe comments from the American press. He wrote other books of travel, mostly of a fragmentary character, and a variety of scientific papers. In the latter part of his life his intellect became impaired, and he died insane at a hospital.

HALL, DOMINICK AUGUSTINE, an American jurist, born in South Carolina in 1765, died in New Orleans, Dec. 19, 1820. He was bred to the law, and commenced its practice in Charles

1835); "Tales of the Border" (1835); and "Statistics of the West at the close of 1836" (Cincinnati, 1836), a new edition of which appeared under the title of "Notes on the Western States" (Philadelphia, 1838). During the presidential canvass of 1836, when Van Buren and Harrison were the candidates, he published a biography of the latter. He undertook with T. L. McKenney an elaborate and costly "History of the Indian Tribes" (3 vols., Philadelphia and Washington, 1838-'44), for which he furnished nearly all the text. The work consisted of 120 portraits of celebrated chiefs, each of which was accompanied by a memoir written from authentic original materials collected with great labor. It was published in expensive style, the price per copy being $120. The later publications of Judge Hall are the "Wilderness and the War Path" (New York, 1845); an address before the mercantile library association of Cincinnati (1846); a "Life of Thomas Posey," in Sparks's "American Biography" (2d series, vol. ix.); and the "Romance of Western History" (Cincinnati, 1857). His various writings, marked by amenity of sentiment and purity and liveliness of style, have contributed much to the intellectual improvement of the West. A uniform edition of his works appeared in 4 vols. in 1853.-JOHN E., brother of the preceding, an American author, born in Dec. 1783, died June 11, 1829. He was educated at Princeton college, studied law, and began to practise in Baltimore in 1805. He was soon elected professor of rhetoric and belles-lettres in the university of Maryland. He wrote a biography of Dr. John Shaw, prefixed to an edition of his poems (1810), and prepared an edition of Wirt's "British Spy." He acted with the federalists, and was severely wounded in the Baltimore riot of 1811. From 1808 to 1817 he published the "American Law Journal" (6 vols., Philadelphia). Removing to Philadelphia, he became editor of the "Portfolio" in 1816, and among his contributions were the "Memoirs of Anacreon," which attracted much attention. In 1827 he edited the "Philadelphia Souvenir," and published "Memoirs of Eminent Persons," and in the same year resigned the editorship of the "Portfolio" on account of declining health. He edited also several legal works.

HALL, JAMES, an American geologist and palæontologist, born in Hingham, Mass., of English parents, in 1811. From 1831 to 1836 he pursued his studies under the direction of Amos Eaton, the distinguished professor and teacher of the natural sciences, at the Rensselaer school in Troy, N. Y. Being appointed one of the New York state geologists, he entered in 1837 upon the survey of the western district of the state. His report upon the geology of this district, published in 1843, forms one of the quarto volumes of the series devoted to the natural history of New York. The fossil remains with which the strata are filled attracted his special attention; they were carefully figured on wood, both by his own hand and by that of Mrs. Hall,

described in his reports, and accurately referred to the strata in which they occurred. This study, assiduously pursued, enabled him to trace out and identify the several paleozoic formations over their range through the western states, a work which he has prosecuted with distinguished ability. His labors in this department are principally embodied in the 3 volumes of the paleontology of New York, already published, which contain descriptions and illustrations of about 1,000 species of fossils from the lower and middle silurian rocks. It is upon this great work-the most comprehensive treatise on American palæontology ever published-that the fame of Prof. Hall is chiefly based. The 1st volume appeared in 1847, the 2d in 1852, and the 3d in 1859. In this the description of the fossils is carried up to the devonian period. Other volumes will be required to complete the work as proposed by the author, describing the fossils up to the coal formation, and also those of the American post-tertiary. In 1845 and 1846 he communicated to the American association the results of his investigations of the metamorphic formations found between the Hudson and Connecticut rivers, showing that they were the representatives of the older fossiliferous rocks of New York, distinguishable among themselves by their peculiar minerals, as the unaltered strata are by their fossils-views which he has subsequently often advanced. He investigated the geology of the distant western territories by means of agents sent at his own expense to the Mauvaises Terres, and by the study of the collections from the Mexican boundary survey submitted to him by Major Emory, and of others from other regions. He was thus led to the conclusion that the discrepancies observed in the distribution of the fauna of the cretaceous period are not owing, as was supposed, to climatic influence, but to the inequality of development of the strata in different localities. When in 1850 the progress of the state survey of New York was suspended by act of the legislature, Mr. Hall still continued his palæontological researches, collecting and describing the fossils of New York and other regions at his own expense. In 1855 he was invited to take this department of the Canadian survey under the direction of Sir William E. Logan. The state legislature, however, at this time arranging with him for the continuation and completion of the great work upon which he was employed, and being appointed state surveyer of Iowa in 1855, and of Wisconsin in 1857, his Canadian investigations were chiefly limited to the study of the graptolites, of which genus he has described 25 new species, throwing much new light upon the true form and mode of growth of these organisms. Of the Iowa report two volumes have been published by Messrs. Hall and Whitney. (See GEOLOGY, Iowa, and LEAD.) In the pursuits of Prof. Hall we notice a capacity of mind for two distinct classes of investigation, not often met with in the same individual. While devoting him