by whom it was domesticated for the sake of its flesh, and who named it meleagris from the tradition that it was the result of the metamorphosis of the sisters of Meleager, the spots on the plumage being the traces of the tears shed at the death of their brother. Guinea fowls are very noisy and troublesome birds, always quarrelling with the other inmates of the poultry yard; they are hard to raise, from the delicacy of the young and their liability to disease; their flesh is of fine flavor, and their eggs are excellent. They are not profitable to the farmer, are great eaters, requiring to be fed beyond what they can pick up by themselves, and are apt to injure tender buds and flowers. One male suffices for 10 females; they lay in May or June 16 to 24 eggs, with a hard shell, of a yellowish white color with small brown points; they are poor sitters and not very tender mothers; incubation lasts 3 weeks, and is best performed by the common hen. The crested pintado (N. cristata, Pall.) has a crest of black feathers, and the body black with blue spots; the mitred pintado (N. mitrata, Pall.) has the head surmounted by a conical helmet, and is black, white spotted. Both these species have the same habits as the first, and could be as easily domesticated; but the excellence of their flesh will hardly cause any of them to be extensively raised, unless they can be kept separate from other poultry, on account of their tyrannical disposition, strength, and courage.

GUINEA PIG, a South American rodent, of the sub-family caviina, and genus cavia (Klein). It will be seen that the common name conveys two erroneous impressions, as the animal is not found in Guinea, nor is it a pig; the term Guinea is doubtless a corruption of Guiana, and the name pig derived from the grunting noise made by it when hungry. The wild Guinea pig, or restless cavy (C. aperea, Linn.), is about 10 inches long, with a thick heavy body; short, wide, erect, and transparent ears; large prominent eyes; head and snout like those of a rabbit, with white incisors; short neck and legs; 4 toes before, and 3 behind, unconnected by any membrane; and a long, rather coarse fur. The colors are black and dirty yellow above and on the sides in distinct pencils, the former prevailing on the back and upper surface of the head, the general tint being a dark grayish brown; the throat and abdomen dirty yellow. The characters in the sub-family have been given in the article CAVY. The distinguishing characters from the sub-genus cerodon are the larger size of the hind lobes of the molars, these lobes in the upper teeth having an indenting fold of enamel on the outer side, and the corresponding half of the lower with its deep fold on the inner side. It is found from about lat. 35° S. through Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, and perhaps as far N. as Guiana. Its food is entirely vegetable, and its time of feeding toward evening, or in the morning on cloudy days; it prefers marshy places covered with aquatic plants, though it is also found in thickets and hedges, and even sand hillocks VOL. VIII.-36

on the banks of rivers; it generally lives in societies of from 6 to 15 individuals, and its presence may often be detected by the beaten paths among the plants; it breeds only once a year, and has one or two young at a birth. The restless cavy is generally believed to be the animal from which the domestic Guinea pig (C. cobaya) originated; if this be true, it shows very remarkable modifications of animal habits by domestication. Dr. Rengger denies this origin, from the marked differences in the skull and teeth, the inability of the cobaya to bear cold and moisture, the breeding of the latter several times a year with many young at each birth, the difficulty of pairing the tamed C. aperea with the C. cobaya, and the fact that confinement for several generations has no tendency to change the colors of the former. It is known from the drawings of Aldrovandus, according to F. Cuvier, that the domestic animal had its distinguishing colors of black, white, and fulvous yellow, as we see it now, within half a century after the discovery of South America, whence the latter concludes that it was tamed by the indigenous races; but Mr. Waterhouse thinks it more probable that a pretty variety, such as may occur in all wild animals, attracted the attention of Europeans, who captured and domesticated it for its harmless disposition as well as its beauty, and by care perpetuated the race of the common Guinea pig. Whether thus derived or not, the animal is universally known by its black, white, and fulvous patches, irregularly distributed, and its short, close, and shining hair. It is exceedingly gentle in disposition, never attempting to defend itself by teeth or nails, simply making very slight efforts to escape, and uttering a sharp cry; it is so weak, inoffensive, and apparently so insensible to every thing about it, that it has been described as an "automaton endued with fecundity, and created only to represent a species." Its remarkable fecundity alone preserves it from extinction; it is capable of fecundation at the age of 6 or 8 weeks, and brings forth after 3 weeks' gestation from 4 to 12 at a birth, according to the age of the mother, who reaches her full development in 9 months; lactation lasts about 15 days, and the female is ready for another fecundation; the young are born covered with fur, and with the eyes open. They are very sensitive to cold and damp, as is known by their huddling together to keep warm; the flesh is not eaten, and the skin is useless, the only reasons for keeping them being their gentleness and beauty; there is a popular belief that their odor drives away rats. Their food is entirely vegetable, and they drink but seldom and by lapping; they will eat the usual green food of rabbits, but prefer parsley and carrot tops to the bread, milk, and meal upon which they are generally fed; they are fond of apples and other fruits, and remarkably so of tea leaves. Though cleanly in their habits, they have a disagreeable odor; like hares, they sleep with their eyes half open. They are usually kept in a house having

a back sleeping chamber and a front feeding room, in which, protected from cold, they may pass their quiet life of eating, sleeping, and reproducing their kind. Scarcely any two animals can be found with the same markings; the dark tortoise-shell ones are the most highly prized.

GUINEA WORM. See ENTOZOA, genus fila

ria.

GUIPUZCOA, one of the 4 Basque provinces of Spain, bounded N. by the bay of Biscay, N. E. by France, E. and S. E. by Navarre, S. and S. W. by Alava, and W. by Biscay; area, 621 sq. m.; pop. in 1857, 164,991. The coast is indented with numerous harbors. The principal rivers, all of which are small, are the Deva, Urola, Oria, Urumea, Lezo, and Bidassoa. The surface is an alternation of mountain, hill, and valley, and the scenery is highly romantic and picturesque. The climate, though humid, is mild, agreeable, and healthful; but thunder storms are frequent in winter. The soil of the valley is fertile and well cultivated. From the mountainous nature of the country, however, agricultural labors are prosecuted with difficulty. The great sources of wealth are mines and fisheries. The chief minerals are iron, argentiferous lead, copper, marble, and gypsum. The principal manufactures are of iron. The inhabitants are a fine, manly race, honest, industrious, and brave. They are fond of athletic exercises, and delight much in dancing and bull-fighting. The chief towns are Tolosa, the capital, San Sebastian, and Fuenterrabia. La Isla de los Faisanes in the Bidassoa is celebrated as the place where the peace of the Pyrénées was concluded in 1659 between France and Spain.

GUISCARD, ROBERT, a Norman adventurer, the founder of the kingdom of Naples, born about 1015, died July 17, 1085. His father, Tancred de Hauteville, a petty Norman baron, had 12 sons, all trained to arms, of whom Robert was the 6th. As the paternal estate was insufficient to support so large a family, the 3 eldest sons went to Italy, where they secured rich possessions in the Norman colony of Apulia, of which they eventually became the leading nobles. Attracted by their success, the younger brothers in turn repaired to Italy, and Robert, who was surnamed Guiscard, the prudent or adroit, showed so much valor and address that on the death of his brother Humphrey in 1057 he was proclaimed count of Apulia, to the exclusion of the young son of the latter. He soon after overran Calabria, and received from Pope Nicholas II. the title of duke of both provinces, with the additional grant of whatever portions of Italy or Sicily he could wrest from the Greek schismatics or the Saracens. With the aid of his younger brother Roger he conquered Sicily, and chiefly by his own efforts ejected the Saracens from their remaining possessions in southern Italy. The present kingdom of Naples had its origin in these conquests, and from this period dates the annual homage paid by the

Neapolitan sovereigns to the holy see. Robert, having subsequently undertaken to annex the duchy of Benevento to his dominions, was brought into collision with Pope Gregory VII., who claimed the territory as a grant from the emperor of Germany. The pope excommunicated him in 1075, but a reconciliation was soon effected, and Robert bound himself to defend the rights of the church under all contingencies. In 1081, under the pretext of sustaining the rights of Constantine, son of the dethroned emperor Michael VII., who had married his daughter, but in reality with a view to more extended conquests, he invaded Epirus and other provinces of the Byzantine empire, and after a series of victories was in full march for Constantinople, when he was recalled to Italy to relieve the pope, who was besieged by the emperor Henry IV. in the castle of St. Angelo. At Guiscard's approach Henry drew off his forces; but the populace having refused to receive the Normans otherwise than as enemies, the city was sacked by them, and a large portion of it burned. The pope, fearing to remain in Rome, followed his liberator to Salerno, where he died soon after. Guiscard immediately resumed his ambitious designs against Constantinople, and sailed with a large fleet for the Grecian archipelago. He died of an epidemic disease at Cephalonia on the eve of his departure for Constantinople. He was remarkable for strength and beauty of person, and his military and legislative qualities were worthy the founder of a great kingdom.

GUISCHARD, or GuiscHARDT, KARL GOTT LIEB, better known under the name of QUINTUS IOILIUS, a German writer on military tactics, born in Magdeburg in 1724, died in Berlin, May 15, 1775. He belonged to a French Protestant family, and studied at the universities of Halle, Marburg, and Leyden, with the inten tion of becoming a minister; but suddenly changing his mind, he entered the military service of Holland. After a single campaign, in which he served as ensign in an infantry regiment, peace having been restored by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, he devoted his leisure hours to research upon military art in ancient times, and published in 1758 at the Hague his Mémoires militaires sur les Grecs et les Romains. This work attracted the attention of Frederic the Great, who summoned the author to Breslau and gave him a major's commission. In this capacity Guischard was called into service in Saxony, but signalized himself more by extortions and dishonesty than by valor. The king nevertheless promoted him to a colonelcy in 1763, and continued to treat him with some favor. In 1773 he published at Berin his Mémoires historiques et critiques sur plusieurs points d'art militaire, which he dedicated to Frederic. This work is written with clearness and a thorough knowledge of the subject, and was highly praised by Gibbon. On his death, the king purchased his library for about $6,000.

GUISE, HOUSE OF, a younger branch of the ducal family of Lorraine, which, having established itself in France under the reign of Francis I., played a conspicuous part in the religious and civil wars of the 16th century. Its most celebrated members were the following: FRANÇOIS of Lorraine, 2d duke of Guise, born at the castle of Bar, Feb. 17, 1519, killed Feb. 24, 1563, was one of the greatest generals of his time. Almost from the outset of his career he was distinguished as a good general and a brave soldier, and by his successful defence of the city of Metz (1552'3), when he obliged Charles V. to raise the siege after having lost 30,000 men, he became renowned throughout Europe. He also signalized himself at the battle of Renty in 1554. At the request of Pope Paul IV. he was sent to Naples at the head of a French army in 1556; but he failed in this undertaking, and his recall to France barely saved him the mortification of a complete defeat. The constable Montmorency having lost the battle of St. Quentin (1557), the kingdom was in imminent danger, when Guise had the glory of preserving it from further invasion, repelling the imperial troops, and retaking Calais from the English, who had held it since 1347. On the accession of Francis II., in 1559, he seized the reins of government, baffled the conspiracy of Amboise formed by the Protestants against him and his brother, the cardinal of Lorraine, and caused Antoine de Bourbon, king of Navarre, and the prince of Condé, to be arrested, and the latter placed on trial for high treason; but the death of the king (1560) deprived him of his ascendency. With the constable Montmorency and Marshal Saint André he then formed a kind of triumvirate in order to control the course of the government and to oppose the Protestants. An assault committed in 1562 on a peaceable body of Huguenots by some of his servants and followers, and attended with bloodshed, gave the signal for those bloody religious wars which continued for more than 35 years. At the head of the Catholics, Guise took Rouen, and a little later won the victory of Dreux, where he lost his two colleagues, Montmorency falling into the hands of the Protestants, and Saint André being killed. He had reached the height of his power, when, during the siege of Orleans, he was treacherously shot by a Protestant gentleman, Poltrot de Méré. Guise had a taste for literature, and Tacitus was his favorite author. He left a kind of diary, which was printed in Michaud and Poujoulat's Nouvelle collection de mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de France.-HENRI I. of Lorraine, 3d duke of Guise and son of the preceding, born Dec. 31, 1550, died in Blois, Dec. 23, 1588. He witnessed his father's death, and swore vengeance against the Protestants, and especially Admiral Coligni, who he thought had instigated the deed. When 16 years old, he went to Hungary and distinguished himself in the war against the Turks. On his return to France, he fought bravely at Jarnac and Moncontour against the Calvinists, and forced Coligni to raise the siege

of Poitiers in 1569. He was one of the most ardent abettors of the massacre of St. Bartholomew's day (1572), and was present when Coligni was killed. In 1575, having been wounded in the face in a successful encounter with the Calvinists in the vicinity of Château Thierry, he received the surname of Balafré, by which he was afterward commonly known. The following year he was instrumental in the formation of the Catholic league, or "holy union," for the protection of the Catholics, a powerful organization of which till his death he was the head and soul. After the death of the duke of Anjou, in 1584, he covertly aspired to the throne; and being supported by the pope and Philip II. of Spain, who placed large sums of money at the disposal of the French Catholic leaders, he excited the nation against Henry III. and his heir apparent Henry of Navarre, and during the "war of the three Henries" he twice defeated at Vimory and Aulneau the German troops which had been enlisted in aid of the French Calvinists. Notwithstanding the prohibition of Henry III. he entered Paris in triumph, besieged the king in the Louvre, May 12, 1588, during the popular rebellion known as "the day of the barricades," remained the undisputed master of the capital, and could have been proclaimed king on this occasion; but his courage fell short of his ambition. At the end of the same year he was present at the meeting of the states-general at Blois, where most of the deputies were in his interest. A stormy session ensued; the duke demanded to be appointed high constable and general-in-chief of the kingdom, and the royal authority was placed in the utmost danger, when Henry caused Guise to be assassinated by some of the royal body guard. The duke's brother, the cardinal of Guise, who had participated in all his plans, was privately despatched on the evening of the same day.HENRI II. of Lorraine, 5th duke of Guise, born in Blois, April 4, 1614, died June 2, 1664. Being a younger son, he first entered the church; at 12 he possessed no less than 9 abbeys; at 15 he was promoted to the archbishopric of Rheims; but on the death of his elder brother in 1640, he gave up a profession ill suited to his character, and plunged into all the dissipation and excitement of a worldly career. His follies and love adventures soon gave him unparalleled notoriety. He meanwhile took part with the opponents of Richelieu, was sentenced to death in 1641, and fled to Belgium, where he married the countess of Bossut. After the death of Louis XIII. he returned to France, and indulged in every excess to which his eccentric character disposed him, distinguishing himself occasionally in battle by his bravery and rashness. About this time he fell in love with a Mlle. de Pons, and in order to bring about his union with her went to Rome to solicit the dissolution of his former marriage. While there, hearing of the revolt of Naples under Masaniello, he resolved to improve the opportunity of conquering a throne which he could offer to his mistress, and to which he had he-

two months, nearly on the plan of the English quarterlies. In this year he married his 2d wife, a niece of the first Mme. Guizot; she lived only till 1835, and was also an authoress. In the same year the Martignac ministry restored to him his chair at the Sorbonne and his seat in the council of state; and his eloquent lectures, which were delivered in conjunction with those of Cousin and Villemain, raised him to the highest popularity. He entered the chamber of deputies in Jan. 1830, taking his place among the opposition, bore a part in the parliamentary proceedings which brought about the revolution of July, 1830, and was minister of the interior in the first cabinet appointed by Louis Philippe. He left this post Nov. 3, and resuming his seat in the chamber of deputies, opposed the Lafitte cabinet, and supported that headed by Casimir Périer; after the death of the latter he entered the coalition ministry formed Oct. 11, 1832, under the presidency of Marshal Soult, in which he was at the head of the department of public instruction. For 4 years he frequently appeared before the chamber of deputies to vindicate the general policy of the cabinet, while he paid particular attention to his own department, and among other improvements gave a complete organization to the system of primary instruction. After the dissolution of that ministry, Feb. 22, 1836, M. Guizot remained in comparative retirement for a few months. He resumed his post in the Molé cabinet, but soon quarrelled with his colleagues, resigned office, and joined the opposition, to which he had previously exhibited a strong dislike. After the fall of Molé, he was appointed ambassador to Great Britain, Feb. 9, 1840, and received the most flattering welcome from the English aristocracy. The policy of the Thiers ministry, which since March 1 had directed foreign affairs, was scarcely consonant with his opinions, and exceedingly distasteful to the English; a treaty for the settlement of eastern affairs was concluded between England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria, without the concurrence or even the knowledge of the French government, and M. Thiers, who bitterly complained of having been betrayed by the French ambassador, had to resign his premiership. A new cabinet, the last of Louis Philippe's reign, was formed Oct. 29, 1840, Marshal Soult, minister of war, being its nominal president, while its real head was M. Guizot, minister of foreign affairs. For more than 7 years, in concert with the king, he upheld the system of peace at any price abroad and opposed political reform at home, which eventually resulted in the overthrow of the Orleans dynasty. He at first succeeded in restoring the French government to a participation in the settlement of the eastern question, which fact he announced at the opening of the chambers in 1842; but England and Russia held France in a subordinate position, and even treated its government with a contempt which the latter did not apparently resent. Its subserviency to the dictates of its allies became conspicuous when Admiral Dupetit-Thouars,

having seized Tahiti, was censured by the cabinet as having gone beyond his instructions, and when France was forced to pay an indemnity to Pritchard, the English missionary. Public opinion had been previously so much dissatisfied with the treaty on the right of search, which had been signed merely to please England, that the ministry was obliged to withdraw its sanction. The discontent excited by these and many other causes was not allayed by victories won by the French troops in Algeria in 1845, and by the presentation of several useful bills, including those for the establishment of a complete system of railroads throughout France. The good understanding with England was suddenly interrupted in 1846, by the conclusion of the "Spanish marriages," which were especially the work of Louis Philippe's family ambition; and thenceforth the ill will of the English government, which was loud in its complaints of treachery, was everywhere apparent. Meanwhile the agitation for electoral reform was beginning in Paris, and propagating itself over the country. M. Guizot evinced his contempt for what he considered a trifling matter, and thus greatly added to his unpopularity. He did not foresee the coming revolution; he insisted upon preventing, by force if necessary, the reform banquets which the opposition party had organized, scorned the discontent of the national guards, and reluctantly consented to resign his office, Feb. 23, 1848, when the revolution had actually commenced. He fled to England, where he found a still more hospitable welcome than on his previous official visit; and as soon as he was convinced that his actual political career was at an end, he turned his attention to his former literary pursuits. As early as Jan. 1849, he published a pamphlet De la démocratie en France; and in 1850 a Discours sur la révolution d'Angleterre, the forerunner of the history which he was then completing and has since published: Histoire de la république d'Angleterre et du protectorat de Cromwell, and Histoire de Richard Cromwell et du rétablissement des Stuarts. He has moreover produced several essays, among which is his Etude sur Sir Robert Peel (of which a new edition appeared in 1858); and has republished with additions several of his former works. Among the number his admirable Étude sur Washington, originally prefixed to the Vie, correspondance et écrits de Washington, is particularly worthy of mention. Among his other works are: Vies des poètes Français du siècle de Louis XIV. (8vo., 1812); Des conspirations et de la justice politique (1821); Histoire du gouvernement représentatif (2 vols. 8vo., 1821-2); Histoire générale de la civilisation en Europe, and Histoire générale de la civilisation en France, comprising the substance of lectures delivered at the Sorbonne from 1828 to 1830; Méditations et études morales (1851); and L'amour dans le mariage (1855). New editions of his Études sur les beaux arts en général, Corneille et son temps, and Shakespeare et son temps, appeared in 1856-'8.