can

between light, heat, electricity, magnetism, and chemical action, and how neither one be produced except at the expense of some of the others. Mr. Grove was the first to show that electrical action is produced by proximity without contact of dissimilar metals; that molecular movements are induced in metals by the electric current; that hydrogen chills like water a platinum wire brought to white heat by the galvanic battery. With a battery of 500 pairs he showed at the royal institution that platinum wire may be melted on the surface of water, and be kept suspended in a globule above it by the force of the electric current. In his experiments made in 1856 upon the application of electricity as a mechanical power, he demonstrated that when by electric attraction or repulsion a weight is suspended, it is at the expense of electric tension, and the spark can no longer traverse the same distance as before. In 1857, while prosecuting the researches pointed out by Karsten, he discovered that if letters cut in paper or in tinsel, or printed on one side of paper, be placed between two sheets of glass, the external surfaces of which are covered with tin foil, like a Leyden jar, and this be submitted to the action of a Rhumkorff machine, an imprint of the letters is produced upon the glass, which, invisible at first, is brought out on exposing the glass to the action of fumes of hydrofluoric acid or by other methods.

GRUBENHAGEN, a principality of Hanover, in the province of Hildesheim, divided into two unequal parts by the Hartz mountains; area, about 376 sq. m.; pop. 76,200. The soil is not fertile, and the quantity of corn grown is very limited; but the mines are various and valuable, and furnish employment to most of the inhabitants. There are manufactories of woollen, linen, and lace. Capital, Eimbeck.

GRUBER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED, a German author and cyclopædist, professor of philosophy in the university of Halle, born in Naumburg, Prussia, Nov. 29, 1774, died in Halle, Aug. 7, 1851. He wrote nearly 30 works on different subjects, historical, critical, and imaginative, and was joint editor, with Ersch, of the "Universal Cyclopædia of Sciences and Arts." His "Life of Wieland” (2 vols., Leipsic, 1815-'16) is much esteemed.

GRÜN, ANASTASIUS. See AUERSPERG. GRÜNBERG, a town of Prussian Silesia, capital of a circle of the same name in the government of Liegnitz; pop. 10,600. It is walled and surrounded by suburbs. It manufactures woollen cloths, linens, printed cottons, silk goods, leather, and champagne wine.

GRUNDTVIG, NICOLAI FREDERIK SEVERIN, a Danish theologian, historian, poet, and politician, born at Udby, Seeland, Sept. 8, 1783. He studied theology at Copenhagen, but his first sermon, in 1810, gave so great offence to the clergy of that city, that they caused his name to be erased from the list of candidates eligible for the ministry. From 1811 to 1813 he served as vicar in his father's parish, during

which time he delivered another remarkable sermon on the question: "Why are we called Lutherans?" From 1813 to 1815 he often preached in Copenhagen, and rose steadily in the favor of the people and the disfavor of the clergy. Notwithstanding the opposition of the latter, he was appointed by the king, in 1822, preacher at one of the churches of Copenhagen, where he exerted himself in favor of the restoration of Lutheran orthodoxy, and established with Dr. Rudelbach the "Theological Monthly" (Theologisk Maanedsskrift). A violent article against the rationalistic professor Clausen involved him in a lawsuit which caused him to resign his place in 1826. For several years he and his friend Lindberg held secret conventicles with their followers, until in 1832 he obtained for them permission to meet publicly. In 1839 he was again appointed preacher at the Martou hospital in Copenhagen. In the mean time his theological views had undergone a great change. He separated from the orthodox Lutheran school, and became the leader of a party which is opposed to centralization of church government, claims full freedom of selfgovernment for every Christian congregation, rejects the authority of the symbolical books of the Lutheran church, distinguishes the oral word of God, propagating itself in the Christian church, from the letter of the Bible, and attaches to the former a greater importance for the church than it has according to the confessions of faith of the other Protestant churches. Having been, in 1848, a member of the constitutive diet, and later of the Folkething, he prevented the creation of a supreme ecclesiastical council for the state church, and carried through the abolition of the law concerning the compulsory baptism of infants within a specified number of days. In 1857 the party following him as leader counted about 150 members among the clergy of the state church, and two organs. In 1859 their leading paper, the "Danish Church Gazette," intimated that they were likely to secede in a body from the state church. Beside the "Theological Monthly" already mentioned, Grundtvig published two collections of sermons, Bibelske Prædikerne (1816), and Christelig Söndagsbog (3 vols., 1826–30), and a collection of hymns, Sangværk til den Danske Kirke (1837). Among his numerous historical works are: Nordens Mythologie (1808; 2d ed. revised, 1832); Kort Begreb af Verdenskrönike (" Short Sketch of the History of the World," 1812); translations of Saxo Grammaticus and Snorro Sturleson (6 vols., 1818-'22); and a manual of universal history, begun in 1833, of which 4 volumes have been published. Among his poetical works are: Optrin af Kampelivets Undergang i Nord (2 vols., 1809); Roeskilde Riim (1814); Qvädlinger (1816); Nordiske Smaadigte (1838). From 1816 to 1820 he published a literary journal, Dannevirke, and since 1848 he has been an influential and popular politician, and leader of the Danish party, which endeavors to check the progress of the German language in Schleswig,

and a warm advocate of the Pan-Scandinavian tendencies. He published from 1848 to 1851 a political weekly, Danskeren.

GRUNDY, the name of 4 counties in the United States. I. A S. co. of Tenn., drained by Collins river; area, 300 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 2,773, of whom 236 were slaves. It has a mountainous surface and a fertile soil. The productions in 1850 were 158,000 bushels of Indian corn, 20,767 of oats, and 13,309 lbs. of butter. There were 6 churches, and 400 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Altamont. II. A. N. E. co. of Ill., drained by Illinois river and its head waters; area, 430 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 7,021. The surface is generally level, and the soil is fertile. Timber is not abundant, but bituminous coal has been found. The productions in 1850 were 46,875 bushels of wheat, 32,851 of oats, 143,778 of Indian corn, and 7,329 tons of hay. There were 3 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 1 church, and 350 pupils attending public schools. The county is intersected by the Illinois and Michigan canal, and the Chicago and Rock Island railroad. Capital, Morris. III. A N. co. of Mo., drained by Weldon and other rivers, and consisting chiefly of fertile prairies; area, 462 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 4,989, of whom 188 were slaves. The productions in 1850 were 10,902 bushels of wheat, 28,136 of oats, 152,770 of Indian corn, 201 tons of hay, and 19,350 lbs. of butter. There were 3 grist mills, 1 saw mill, and 325 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Trenton. IV. A central co. of Iowa, drained by affluents of Cedar river; area, about 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 435. The productions in 1856 were 650 bushels of wheat, 950 of oats, 6,255 of Indian corn, 322 tons of hay, and 3,190 lbs. of butter.

GRUNDY, FELIX, an American statesman, born in Berkeley co., Va., Sept. 11, 1777, died in Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 19, 1840. His father was an Englishman who emigrated to Virginia when young, in 1779 settled near Brownsville, Penn., and in 1780 removed to Kentucky. The youth of the son was thus passed in the wilderness on what was then the frontier of the states, exposed to all the dangers of Indian warfare, at a time when, in his own language, "death was in almost every bush, and when every thicket concealed an ambuscade." Kentucky was then known as "the dark and bloody ground." Felix, being the 7th son of his father, was, in accordance with the superstitious notions of his mother, educated for a physician; but after finishing his studies at Bardstown, he abandoned medicine, and studying law, was admitted to practice in 1798. He soon acquired a high reputation as an advocate in criminal cases. In 1799 he was chosen a member of the convention to revise the constitution of the state. In the same year he was also elected to the legislature, and served in that body till 1806, when he was appointed one of the judges of the supreme court of errors and appeals. Soon afterward, on the resignation of Judge Todd, he was appointed chief justice of Kentucky. The salary,

however, not being sufficient for the expenses of his family, he resigned the office in 1808, and removed to Nashville, Tenn., where he pursued his profession with such success that he soon ranked as the head of the Tennessee bar. In 1811 he was elected a representative to congress, and efficiently supported the administration of President Madison in the measures which led to and carried on the war with Great Britain. He was reelected in 1813, but declined to be a candidate in 1815, and for the 4 succeeding years he devoted himself exclusively to his profession. In 1819, and for 5 or 6 years immediately following, he was a member of the state legisla ture. In 1829, and again in 1833, he was elected to the senate of the United States. During his service in the senate he was among the most prominent of the supporters of President Jackson. In 1838 President Van Buren appointed him attorney-general of the United States; but in 1840 he resigned that office, and was reelected to the senate. He died, however, before he had taken his seat.

GRUNER, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED, a German physician, born in Sagan, Nov. 8, 1744, died in Jena, Dec. 4, 1815. He officiated for some time as professor of botany at the university of that city, and, beside various treatises, he wrote about 50 works which treat of almost all departments of medical science.

GRUNER, WILHELM HEINRICH LUDWIG, & German engraver, born in Dresden, Feb. 24, 1801. He cultivated his talent by studies in Italy, Spain, France, and England. His first effort, an engraving of a Spanish shepherd, after Velasquez, was followed by a portrait of Mengs, by engravings of Madonnas after Raphael, and of the paintings of Giulio de' Medici and Moses by Murillo. In Rome he published in 1839 a series of engravings, under the title, I mosaici della capella Ghigi, and soon afterward he copied the frescoes in the hall of Heliodor. For the Berlin museum he prepared, at the request of the king of Prussia, a series of engravings after the cartoons of Raphael at Hampton Court. A disease of the eyes preventing him from working with the burin, he executed many frescoes by order of Prince Albert, and published in London in 1844, "Fresco Decorations and Stuccoes," &c., and, at the special command of the queen of Eng land, "Decorations of the Garden Pavilion in the Grounds of Buckingham Palace" (London, 1846), accompanied with a text by Mrs. Jameson. Subsequently he was enabled to resume his labors as an engraver. In 1848 he published "Ornamental Designs for Decorators and Manufacturers," and in 1850, at the request of the British school of design, "Specimens of Ornamental Art." He took a part in the decoration of the London crystal palace and in the illustration of Layard's "Nineveh." His "Raphael Caryatides from the Vatican" appeared in 1852.

GRUNERT, JOHANN AUGUST, a German mathematician, born in Halle, Feb. 7, 1797, in 1833 appointed professor of mathematics at the uni

versity of Greifswalde, and since 1888 teacher of technology and mathematics at the agricultural academy of Eldena. He has written numerous manuals of mathematics and geometry, which have passed through many editions. Among his most important works are: Sphäroidische Trigonometrie (Berlin, 1833); Elemente der ebenen, sphärischen und sphäroidischen Trigonometrie (Leipsic, 1837); Loxodromische Trigonometrie (1849); Optische Untersuchungen (1847-'51); Beiträge zur meteorologischen Optik, &c. (1850), &c. He continued and completed Klügel's mathematical dictionary, and has contributed largely to scientific periodicals, especially to the Greifswalde Archiv für Mathematik und Physik, of which he is the editor.

GRUTER, JAN, a Dutch scholar and philologist, born in Antwerp, Dec. 3, 1560, died near Heidelberg, Sept. 20, 1627. He was educated at Cambridge and Leyden, and was appointed professor of history at the university of Wittenberg; but being required to sign the "Act of Concord," he resigned this office, and accepted a professor's chair at Heidelberg. Gruter was a very voluminous_writer. His most important works are his Inscriptiones Antiquæ totius Orbis Romani (Heidelberg, 1601); Lampas sive Fax Artium Liberalium (6 vols. 8vo., Frankfort, 1602-'12); Historia Augustæ Scriptores (fol. 1609); and annotated editions of Pliny's epistles, and of the works of Seneca, Cicero, Livy, Plautus, Ovid, &c.

GRUYERE, or GRUYÈRES (Ger. Greyers), a village of Switzerland, canton and 15 m. S. S. W. of Freyburg; pop. 950. It stands on a hill, the summit of which is crowned with one of the most ancient and perfect feudal castles in Switzerland. This village contains a church and hospital, and gives name to a celebrated kind of cheese, of which about 40,000 cwt. is annually made in the vicinity.

GUACHARO, a fissirostral bird of the family caprimulgida or goatsuckers, sub-family steatornina or oil birds, and genus steatornis (Humboldt). This is the only described species of the genus, and is the S. Caripensis (Humb.); it is a nocturnal bird, living in great numbers in the cave of Guacharo near Caripe in Venezuela, described by Humboldt, and referred to in the article CAVE; the family and genus are noticed in the article GOATSUOKER. The bird is about the size of the common fowl, with a curved and toothed bill; the color is dark bluish gray, with minute streaks and spots of deep brown, and white spots bordered with black on the head, wings, and tail; the spread of the wings is about 3 feet. The food is vegetable, principally seeds and hard fruits, upon which they grow so fat that the Indians destroy great numbers for the sake of their oil, which they use in preparing their favorite dishes. They would long ago have been exterminated, were it not for the superstitious fears of the natives, who do not dare to penetrate far into their caves, terrified by the shrill cries of the vast multitudes when disturbed by the torches of

inquisitive explorers. The hard and dried fruits found in their crops and gizzards are considered excellent remedies against the intermittent diseases of the country.

GUACHOS, wild herdsmen on the pampas of South America, descendants of the early Spanish colonists, thinly scattered over immense districts, and hunting and tending the countless horses and horned cattle which roam over the plains. Many of them, descended from some of the best families in Spain, possess good manners and noble sentiments. The guacho costume is chiefly distinguished by a sort of short petticoat, and their essential accoutrements are the long dirk knife, the coiling lasso, the bolas, or balls of iron, fastened to each end of a thong of hide, which they can hurl a distance of 60 feet and entangle around the legs of a galloping herd, the gourd which dangles at the waist containing an infusion of Paraguay tea which is sucked through a tin tube, the string of dried beef, the pouch full of tobacco, the paper for manufacturing it into cigarritos, and the cow's horn filled with tinder, with flint and steel attached. Thus mounted and equipped, the guachos are ready for a gallop of a thousand miles. The life they lead is wild but interesting. Many of them inhabit the huts in which they were born, and in which their fathers and grandfathers lived before them. All of these are in the same form, built of mud and maize stocks, and covered with long yellow grass. The corral, which is nearly 100 yards distant from the hut, is a circle of about 30 yards in diameter, enclosed by a number of strong rough posts. These posts are generally occupied by vultures and hawks, and the ground around the hut and corral is covered with bones and carcasses of horses, bullocks' horns, wool, and hair, which give it the smell and appearance of an ill-kept English dog kennel. The hut consists usually of but one room, in which all the family are huddled together, the kitchen being a detached shed a few yards off. In the summer this abode is filled with fleas and binchucas (bugs as large as black beetles), so that the family sleep on the ground in front of their dwelling. Travellers are hospitably welcomed. When the supper is ready, the great iron spit on which the beef has been roasted is brought into the hut, and the point is fixed in the ground. The guacho then offers his guest the skeleton of a horse's head for a seat, and the family on similar seats range themselves around the spit, from which with long knives they cut large mouthfuls. Born in the rude hut, the infant guacho receives little attention, but is left to swing from the roof in a bullock's hide, the corners of which are drawn toward each other by strips of hide. At 4 years of age he is on horseback, and immediately becomes useful by assisting to drive the cattle into the corral. He soon fearlessly mounts any colt on the pampas, gallops after the ostrich and guan, fights single-handed with the jaguar, and daily aids in catching the wild cattle and dragging them to the corral either for slaughter

or to be marked. As his constant food is beef and water, his constitution is so strong as to endure great fatigue, and the distances that he will ride without cessation are marvellous. It is chiefly while a young man that he resorts on Sundays and festive days to the pulperias, the bar-rooms of the pampas, where he drinks Paraguay rum and listens to the cantor, or guacho minstrel, as he sings, sometimes to the accompaniment of his guitar, the exploits of some desert hero. The frequenters of the pulperia delight in scenes of violence; and a murder committed sometimes makes a guacho a permanent outlaw, a guacho malo, at home only in the desert, intangible, sanguinary, and remorseless. As a guide, the guacho is famous for knowing the peculiarities of 20,000 square miles of mountain or plain. As a rastreador, or trailer, he can detect with unerring accuracy the foot prints of his own herd; and when an animal is missing, he gallops to the place where he last saw it, follows its trail whatever distance to the strange herd to which it has escaped, and launching his lasso through the air drags the estray away with him. The guacho is a person almost without wants; he has no luxuries, and he cares for none; but his character is often estimable. It is curious to see them with their rude habits always raise their hats when meeting each other in a hut. The women have literally nothing to do; they seldom walk or ride; but all have families, whether married or not. The guachos, from their situation, are mainly independent of the political troubles of the inhabitants of the towns. They are Roman Catholics, but with some irregularities, being beyond the reach of the priests, who reside in the towns. In almost all the huts there is a small image or picture, and a cross is sometimes worn from the neck. The children are carried to the nearest church to be baptized; the bridegroom takes his bride on a horse behind him, and can usually obtain the sanction of the church in a few days; and the dead are generally carried on horseback and buried in consecrated ground. The guachos are often invaded and plundered by the Pampas Indians, between whom and them exists an inveterate

and furious hatred.

GUACO, or HUACO, a name given in the tropical regions of America to several plants allied to the eupatorium, used as antidotes for the bites of poisonous snakes. The most prominent of these is the Mikania guaco, of the natural order composita, described by Humboldt and Bonpland as a plant with twining stems, its branches round, sulcate, and hairy; leaves ovate, pointed, and dentate, rough above and hairy beneath, and flowers in opposite, axillary corymbs. The fresh leaves are bruised and applied to the wound, and they are also made to yield an infusion which is drunk at the same time. The preparation has a bitter, disagreeable taste, and acts as a mild tonic and a gentle stimulant to the secretions. It is employed also as a febrifuge, and has been recommended in

cases of chronic rheumatism, &c. (See "American Journal of Science," vol. xxiv. p. 279.)

GUADALAJARA, or GUADALAXARA, the 2d city of Mexico, and capital of the state of Jalisco, on a broad plain near the Rio Grande de Santiago, 161 leagues from Mexico; pop. about 60,000. It is well built, and tastefully laid out with handsome and airy streets, although the houses are seldom more than one story high, a necessary precaution owing to the prevalence of earthquakes in that region. It has 14 public squares, including a beautiful alameda or park, decorated with trees and a fountain. The principal public buildings are a magnificent cathedral, several churches and convents, some of them large and elegant, the house of congress, the mint, bishop's palace, opera house, college, and extensive barracks. The markets and shops are well filled. There are considerable manufactures of serapes and other articles of cotton, earthenware, and leather, which are exported to other parts of the republic.

GUADALAJARA, or GUADALAXARA, & province of Spain, in New Castile, bounded Ñ. by Segovia, Soria, and Saragossa, E. by Saragossa and Teruel, S. by Cuenca, and W. by Madrid; area 1,946 sq. m.; pop. in 1857, 242,171. The surface toward the N. and E. is in general mountainous, particularly in the district of Atienza, where some of the highest summits in Spain are to be found; but toward the S. and W. it frequently expands into large though elevated plains. The chief rivers are the Tagus, Tajuña, and Jarama. In the district of Tamajon the soil is well adapted to corn, yet not to the vine and olive; in that of Alcarria every thing common to that latitude comes to perfection, while the mountain districts are suited to pasturage and the rearing of cattle. The most important minerals are iron, lead, and coal. Mines of the former metal have been worked from the time of the Romans. The capital, Guadalajara, pop. 10,000, has a large Roman aqueduct which supplies the public fountains with water.

GUADALQUIVIR (anc. Bætis), a river of Spain, which rises near the S. frontier of the province of Jaen, flows first N. W. and then S. W. through Andalusia, passing Andujar, Villa franca, Cordova, and Seville, and falls into the Atlantic at San Lucar de Barrameda, 14 m. N. of Cadiz. It is over 250 m. long, and is navi gable for nearly 70 m. from its mouth. Its principal tributaries are the Guadalimar, Gua diat, Escobar, Guadiana Menor, and Jandula. The region of country which the Guadalquivir drains contains an area of about 26,000 sq. m.

GUADALUPE, a S. W. co. of Texas, drained by the Guadalupe river, from which it is named; area, 860 sq. m.; pop. in 1858, 5,187, of whom 1,806 were slaves. It has an undulating surface, covered with prairies and good timber. The productions in 1850 were 80,330 bushels of Indian corn, 3,050 of sweet potatoes, 182 bales of cotton, 1,540 lbs. of tobacco, 34,265 of butter, and 4,281 of wool. There were 2 saw mills, 1

grist mill, and 1 church. Value of real estate in 1858, $1,049,253. The San Antonio and Mexican Gulf railroad is to pass through this county. Organized in 1846. Capital, Seguin. GUADELOUPE, one of the Leeward islands of the West Indies, and the most important of those which belong to France, between lat. 15° 47′ and 16° 30′ N., and long. 61° 15′ and 61° 45′ W.; area, 529 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 131,160, about of whom are colored. It consists, properly speaking, of two islands, which are separated by a narrow channel, not more than from 30 to 100 yards broad, called Rivière Salée, or Salt river, which is navigable for vessels of small burden. The western, or larger island, styled Guadeloupe Proper, is about 27 m. long and 15 m. wide; the eastern, or smaller one, called Grande-Terre, is nearly 30 m. long, and from 10 to 12 m. wide. Guadeloupe Proper is of volcanic origin, and is traversed from N. to S. by a mountain range whose highest summit is a volcano over 5,000 feet above the sea. Grande-Terre, on the contrary, is low, flat, and marshy, being composed of coralline matter and marine detritus. The climate is in general hot, humid, and unhealthy. Hurricanes are frequent and destructive, but violent earthquakes rarely happen, that of 1843 having been the first severe one since the discovery of the island. The soil is for the most part fertile and well cultivated. The principal exports are sugar (47,000,000 lbs. in 1854), molasses, rum, cotton, tobacco, coffee, dye woods, and copper. The principal imports are cotton goods, pottery, glassware, provisions, and medicines. The exports in 1856 were valued at $3,300,000, and the imports at $2,900,000. The value of imports from the United States is about $450,000 a year. The government of Guadeloupe consists of a governor, a privy council of 6, and a colonial council of 30 members. It has its seat at Basse-Terre, the capital, and exercises jurisdiction over the islands of Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, Desirade, Les Saintes, and St. Martin. Grande-Terre possesses 2 harbors, those of Moule and Pointe-à-Pitre. The latter, at the S. entrance of the Rivière Salée, is one of the best in the Antilles, and is the residence of a U. S. consul. Guadeloupe was discovered by Columbus, Nov. 4, 1493. It was taken possession of by the French in 1635, and after having been repeatedly taken from and by them in the next century and a half, it was ultimately restored to them in 1816. The principal event since that time was the emancipation of the slaves in 1848. A bishopric was created there in 1850, and an imperial decree dated July 26, 1854, regulated the administration of colonial affairs.

GUADET, JOSEPH, a French author and philanthropist, born in Bordeaux in 1795. Educated as a lawyer, he early devoted himself to literary labors, and soon received an appointment as teacher in the imperial institute for blind youth at Paris, where he is now the director-in-chief. He has prepared many works for the use of the blind, a very complete history of the instruction of the blind in France, and biog

raphies of blind artists and mechanicians; he is also the author of some 18 or 20 volumes on historical, chronological, and political topics, which have had a large circulation. His Saint Emilion, son histoire et ses monuments (8vo., 1841), obtained for him in 1838 the gold medal of the institute.

GUADIANA (anc. Anas), a river of Spain, rising on the N. side of the Sierra Alcaraz, in La Mancha, and falling into the Atlantic between the Spanish town of Ayamonte and the Portuguese town of Castro Marim. It flows first N. W., and after several windings enters Estremadura, which it traverses in a westerly direction, passes Badajoz, turns toward the S. S. W., and forms 30 m. of the boundary between Spain and Portugal. It then enters the Portuguese province of Alemtejo, flows S. E. and S., and after passing the town of Serpa forms a cataract called the Salto del Lobo (leap of the wolf) in a narrow passage between the Sierra Morena and the Sierra de Caldeirão. After receiving the Chanza it again forms the Spanish boundary for 30 m. to the sea. It is navigable for some distance above the mouth of the Chanza. Length about 380 m.

GUADIX, an ancient city of Spain, in the province of Granada, on the N. declivity of the Sierra Nevada; pop. 10,000. It was once a place of considerable strength, and is still surrounded with walls, and is said to be the oldest bishopric in Spain.

GUAHAN, GUAM, or SAN JUAN, the largest and southernmost of the Marianne or Ladrone islands in the N. Pacific, in lat. 13° N., long. 145° E.; pop. about 5,000. It is about 100 m. in circumference, and surrounded by coral reefs. The coasts are broken by several bays, one of which, called Calderone de Apra, is known to sailors as a commodious haven. The S. part of the island is of volcanic formation, and there is also a small volcano in the N., but the shores on this side are composed of bold coralline masses. The interior is well watered, wooded, and fertile, rice, maize, cacao, sugar cane, indigo, cotton, and a great variety of fruits, growing in profusion. The domestic animals of Europe, which have been imported here by settlers, are found in a savage state. The inhabitants are not aborigines, the primitive possessors of the island having been long ago extirpated, but are mostly descendants of Mexicans and Philippine islanders, who were brought here by the Spaniards, to whom the island belongs. They are peaceable and friendly, and are skilful mechanics. The principal place is San Ignazio de Agana, a fortified village of bamboo huts, containing not more than 1,500 inhabitants, but having a good harbor enclosed by coral reefs. It was formerly a victualling station for Manila galleons. The island was discovered by Magellan in 1521.

GUAIACUM, a resinous substance from the guaiacum officinale, of the natural order zygophyllacea. The tree grows in the West Indies and upon the mainland opposite. The