del mondo, Tolemaico e Copernicano (Florence, 1632; a Latin translatian by Bernegger, entitled Systema Cosmicum, &c., Strasbourg, 1635; an English version, "The Systeme of the World, in 4 Dialogues, Inglished from the Original Italian Copy by Thomas Salusbury," London, 1661); Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche attenenti alla mecanica ed i movimenti locali (Leyden, 1638; an English translation under the title "Mathematical Discourses of Mechanics," by Thomas Weston, London, 1730); Epistolæ tres de Conciliatione Sacræ Scripturæ cum Systemate Telluris Mobilis (printed with Gassendi's Apologia, Lyons, 1649). Collections of Galileo's works were published at Bologna by Manolessi (2 vols. 4to., 1656); Florence, by Bottari (3 vols. 4to., 1718); Padua (4 vols. 4to., 1744); Milan (13 vols. 8vo., 1808). A complete edition was begun at Florence in 1842, and 12 vols. royal Svo. had appeared in 1854.-For lives of Galileo see Viviani, Vita del Galilei, in the Fasti consolari dell' accademia Fiorentina; Frisi, Elogio del Galileo (Leghorn, 1775); Brenna, in Fabrina's Vita Italorum; Nelli, Vita e commercio letterario di Gal. Galilei (2 vols. 4to., Lausanne, 1793); Libri, Histoire de la vie et des œuvres de Galil. Galilei (Paris, 1841); Biot, in Michaud's Biographie universelle; Drinkwater, "Life of Galileo," in the "Library of Useful Knowledge;" Sir David Brewster, in Lardner's "Cabinet Cyclopædia," reprinted with lives of Tycho Brahe and Kepler under the title "Martyrs of Science" (London, 1841). GALIOT, the smallest kind of galley, without guns, used chiefly in the Mediterranean. It is designed only for chase, and has both sails and oars. The name is also given to a peculiar flat-bottomed vessel, strongly built, and used as a bomb ship against forts and batteries. A kind of merchant vessel, strong and clumsy, used by the Dutch, Swedes, and other northern nations, is also termed a galiot. GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH, the founder of phrenology, born in Tiefenbronn, near Pforzheim, in Würtemberg, March 9, 1758, died at Montrouge, near Paris, Aug. 22, 1828. His father, of Italian origin, was a merchant, and he was first prompted to study by his uncle, a neighboring curate. After literary studies at Baden and Bruchsal, he devoted himself especially to natural history and anatomy at Strasbourg under Hermann, and passed thence in 1785 to the medical school of Vienna, where he attended the lectures of Van Swieten and Stoll, and received the degree of doctor in 1785. He gradually obtained success in the practice of his profession, with leisure, however, for gardening and study. While a boy he had been struck with the differences of character and talents displayed by his companions, and after some time he noticed that those students who excelled in committing pieces to memory all had large eyes. By degrees he suspected that the external peculiarities of the head corresponded with differences in the intellectual endowments and moral qualities, and disputed the theories of Aristotle, Van Helmont, Des cartes, and Drelincourt, who fixed the soul respectively in the heart, the stomach, the pineal gland, and the cerebellum. He began diligently to examine the heads of those who had exhibited any striking mental peculiarity; the lunatic asylum gave him opportunities to make observations on monomaniacs; he visited prisons, courts of justice, and seats of learning; and whenever he heard of a man remarkable for either good or evil, he made his head a study. He extended his observations to animals, and finally sought confirmation in the anatomy of the brain, of which he was the first to perceive the true structure. After 20 years he conceived that he had determined the intellectual dispositions corresponding to about 20 organs, that he had found the seats of these original faculties in the brain, and that they formed prominences or protuberances on the skull proportionate to their degree of activity. In 1791 he published the first volume of a general medical work, and in 1796 began to lecture on his peculiar theory in Vienna, where the novelty of the views made a great sensation. The first written account of them appeared in a letter published in the Deutscher Mercur of Wieland in 1798. In 1800 he gained his best disciple, Spurzheim, who gave great aid in the development and popular exposition of the doctrine. Dr. Gall continued his lectures till in 1802 they were interdicted by the Austrian government as dangerous to religion. He quitted Vienna in 1805, and in company with Spurzheim, who was his associate till 1813, travelled in central and northern Europe, lecturing in the principal, especially the university towns, and arrived in Paris in 1807. He established himself as a medical practitioner, and immediately delivered a course of lectures before a numerous audience. His principles, however, met with much opposition; ridicule was not spared, and Napoleon opposed him and classed him with Cagliostro and Mesmer. He presented to the institute in 1808 his Recherches sur le système nerveux en général, et sur celui du cerveau en particulier, and published it in the following year. In 1821 his name was proposed for the academy of sciences, but he obtained only the vote of the friend who had counselled the step, Geoffroy St. Hilaire. In 1823 he made a short visit to London, where the receipts from his lectures were less than the expenses. The most elaborate of his works is the Anatomie et physiologic du système nerveux (4 vols., Paris, 1810-'19), a second edition of which was published in 6 vols., each bearing a different title. An English translation of the whole work by Winslow J. Lewis, jr., M.D., was published in Boston (6 vols., 1835). GALL BLADDER, the pear-shaped meinbranous reservoir, situated in a slight depression on the lower surface of the right lobe of the liver, which contains the bile during the intervals of digestion. The larger extremity is directed forward and to the right side; the body of the organ is adherent above to the substance of the liver by dense areolar tissue, free below, covered by the peritoneum, and resting upon the pylorus, duodenum, and right arch of the colon; the neck is narrow and continuous with the cystic duct, about an inch and a half long, which unites with the hepatic duct from the liver, of about the same length, to form the common bile duct (ductus communis choledocus of anatomists). It is composed of an external serous coat, a middle areolar contractile tissue, and an internal mucous membrane; the arteries are derived from the hepatic branch of the coeliac axis, the nerves from the hepatic plexus, and the veins empty their contents into the vena porta. The hepatic duct is formed by the junction of the 2 principal branches (one from each lobe), the result of the union of the numerous ramifications from the interior of the liver; during digestion the bile flows without obstruction into the duodenum, but in the intervals of this process the intestinal orifice of the common duct is closed, and the bile flows by the cystic duct backward into the gall bladder, whose office is essentially that of a reservoir, enabling the bile to be constantly secreted, and insuring a supply for the service of digestion. The common duct is formed by the union of the hepatic and cystic ducts, and is about 3 inches long, opening obliquely into the duodenum near its last curve, by an orifice in the middle of a slight elevation. The stimulus of the food opens the intestinal orifice, and bile is discharged both from the liver and the gall bladder during digestion, its passage being effected by the contraction of the walls of the gall bladder and the ducts. Ordinarily containing a few ounces, the gall bladder may be so distended as to contain several pints, and it may be so atrophied as to be little larger than a pea; these cases, and the fact of the absence of the reservoir in many animals, show that its physiological importance is not very great. It is subject to ossification, cancer, acute and chronic inflammation from the irritation of gall stones or extension of diseases from the intestine; its diseases may end in ulceration, and obliteration of the ducts. From its small size and protected situation it is rarely directly wounded, though it is sometimes ruptured by great external violence. The gall bladder is absent in invertebrates, in which the bile ducts open directly into the digestive cavity; it is present in most fishes, all reptiles, and most birds. There seems to be no general law regulating its presence or absence in mammalia; it is wanting in many rodents (as the mice), in the elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, camel, peccary, horse, stag, and dolphin; it is present in the monkeys, bats, carnivora, almost all edentates, and in many ruminants (as the ox, sheep, goat, and antelope). In the cats there are sometimes 2 gall bladders. With the exception of the dolphins, it seems that all mammals in which it is absent are vegetable feeders. interior of which their young are brought to maturity. The insects which produce the nut galls of commerce, used in dyeing and the manufacture of ink, are hymenoptera of the genus cynips (Linn.) or diplolepis (Geoffr.); they are small, with 4 wings, the anterior long and with a single or few nervures, the posterior small and veinless; the head is small, the antennæ short and slender, the thorax thick and elevated, the abdomen sharp-edged above and below, and attached to the thorax by a very slender stem; the females are provided with a long slender ovipositor, attached near the origin of the abdomen, whose curvature it follows, and contained between 2 sheath-like pieces which serve to conduct the eggs into the hole made by the piercer; they constitute the family cynipida. The wounds made in the plant are followed by swellings which increase rapidly, becoming spongy within; these galls partake of the chemical character of the juices, and on the oaks are highly astringent; the eggs dropped into the punctures grow by the absorption of the surrounding sap, and the grubs when hatched find themselves surrounded by an ample supply of food, and finally gnaw out of the gall when they arrive at maturity; the grubs resemble maggots, of a whitish color, and are without proper legs. Each species of gall fly generally confines itself to one sort of plant, and always produces galls of the same kind; hence there are almost as many kinds of galls as there are species of gal flies. Some of these excrescences are irregular and uneven, others round and smooth; some hang by small stems, others are flat, applied either to the wood or leaves; soft at first, they become hard and woody. The insect which produces the nut gall used in medicine and the arts is the C. gallæ tinctoriæ (Geoffr.), which pierces the dyer's oak, a native of the middle latitudes of Asia; the body is fawn-colored, the upper part of the abdomen shining brown, and the antennæ dark; a single insect usually inhabits each gall. The C. confluentus (Harris) of America is nearly of an inch long, with an expanse of wings of of an inch; the head and thorax are black, roughened by hairs, the hind body smooth and of a shining pitch color, the legs brownish_red, and the fore wings with a brown spot. It pierces the leaves of the red oak, and the swellings (or oak apples) measure 1 to 2 inches in diameter; green and soft at first, they become hard-shelled and drab-colored, inclosing a quantity of brown spongy matter, and a central woody kernel as large as a pea; the grub becomes a chrysalis in the autumnn, when the oak apple falls to the ground, and it changes to a fly in the spring, though it sometimes comes out a perfect insect in October. Most species of oak are susceptible to this kind of action; our white oak has its small twigs pierced by the C. oneratus (Harris), a small species only GALL INSECTS, various genera belonging of an inch long, which produces clusters of to the orders hymenoptera and diptera, which galls about the size of bullets, greenish on one deposit their eggs in the tissue of plants, pro- side and red on the other. The C. nubilipennis ducing excrescences or galls upon them, in the (Harris), with a smoky tip to the wings, causes 3 20 galls of the size and color of grapes. There are many other gall-producing insects, and the excrescences found on oaks in the United States are different from those of Europe. Rose bushes are attacked by the C. bicolor, dichlocerus, and semipuceus. All such galls on plants of any value should be cut off and burned; many of these gall insects are destroyed in the grub state by parasitic hymenoptera of the family chalcidida.-There are several dipterous insects which produce unnatural enlargements of the stems of plants, especially in the genus cecidomyia, or gall gnats. The willow gall fly (C. salicis, Fitch) is about of an inch long, of a deep black color above, paler and downy beneath; its galls are found on the ends of the slender twigs of the American basket willow (salix rigida) and other dwarf species, of an oval shape, about of an inch long and of an inch thick, terminated by a brittle conical beak; when cut open in winter or spring, in a longitudinal silk-lined channel will be found an orange-colored maggot of an inch long; this becomes a pupa in the course of the spring, of a blood-red color, without any shedding of the larval skin. The C. robinie (Hald.) is a smaller species, thickening the edges of the leaves of the locust tree. Other diptera of the family ortalidida deposit their eggs in the stems, buds, and leaves of plants, producing excrescences or galls in which the young reside; swellings thus caused, as large as walnuts, are sometimes seen on the stalks of asters or starworts; it is the tephritis asteris (Harris), about } of an inch long, of a light yellowish brown color, with paler legs. GALL NUTS. See GALLS. GALL STONES, or BILIARY CALCULI, the concretions formed from the elements of the bile, situated most frequently in the gall bladder, but found also in the liver and its ducts, whence they pass into the intestines and are often discharged from the body. The most common form of these stones, consists principally of cholesterine, a crystallizable fatty ingredient of healthy bile, whose chemical constitution is Cs, H. O2 + 2 Aq?; according to Berzelius, it does not exceed in quantity one part in 10,000 in the bile; taurocholic acid (choleic acid of Strecker) possesses a certain solvent power over it, and holds it in solution; owing, however, to its extreme insolubility, when once deposited it cannot be reabsorbed, and hence often accumulates in the gall bladder. Cholesterine gall stones have a crystalline structure, fuse at a heat of 293° F., and have sometimes less specific gravity than water; they vary considerably in shape and appearance, in some cases nearly semi-transparent and crystallized throughout, in others strongly tinged with the coloring matters of the bile, or formed of concentric layers on a nucleus of phosphate of lime. Their forms are generally rounded, and worn by attrition one against the other; their size varies from a fine sand to the volume of a hen's egg, the usual dimensions being about to inch in diameter; Meckel has described one 5 inches long and 4 in circumference, weighing 14 oz. They are rarely single, and are often found several hundreds together; the color is light in proportion to the amount of cholesterine in their composition, and dark in proportion to the amount of the green coloring matter of the bile. They are most common in old persons, and especially in the female sex; it is very rare to examine the hepatic system of aged females without finding more or less gall stones; under the age of 12 years they are very uncommon. The formation of these concretions, which vary much in hardness as well as in size and number, has been attributed to irritation of the gall bladder and its ducts, and to the retention of the bile from inertia of its walls, the position and tortuous character of the ducts, and the consequent deposition of the elements of the bile; but as cholesterine, the principal ingredient of these stones, is a normal constituent of the blood, and is present in the brain and in various natural and diseased exudations, it is more likely dependent on some ill-understood but ever-acting vital chemical changes, as yet beyond the ken of organic chemistry. The presence of gall stones is not necessarily indicated by any special or painful symptoms, and their existence in considerable numbers is not incompatible with good health and long life; when of large size, or obstructing the flow of bile in any direction, there may be pain, tenderness, swelling, vomiting, jaundice, and constipation. When a stone of large size or irregular shape is impacted in any of the ducts, the pain may be intense, causing what is called hepatic colic, accompanied with fever and inflammatory symptoms; this agony continues until the patient is stupefied by narcotics, or the stone has passed into the alimentary canal, whence it is removed by the stools, or in some cases by vomiting. A stone may become enlarged in the intestines, and cause a fatal obstruction; it is said that Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits, came to his death by the passage of a stone from the gall bladder by perforation into the vena porta. The pathognomonic signs of these stones are the passage of one or more from the intestine, and the sound of friction or crepitation when the gall bladder is suddenly compressed by the hand; if to these be added frequent accessions of pain and heavi ness in the right hypochondrium, with jaundice, the diagnosis is greatly assisted. If inflammation arises in the organ, adhesions may take place, and the stones may safely pass into the intestines, or externally through the abdominal walls. The indications of treatment are to relieve pain and spasmodic action of the ducts, to cause the solution or evacuation of the stones, and to arrest any accompanying inflammation which may arise. The first indication was formerly met by the free exhibition of narcotics, especially opium, and by the external application of fomentations and refrigerants; of late years, the inhalation of sulphuric ether has been found to answer the purpose in a complete, rapid, and safe manner. To fulfil the second indication, gross animal or salted food, acrid vegetables, and spirituous liquors are forbidden, and an opposite diet with ferruginous mineral waters recommended; mixtures of sulphuric ether and spirits of turpentine were believed to have the property of dissolving biliary concretions; emetics were given to cause their expulsion by the contractions of the diaphragm and the consequent concussions of the organs, and powerful cathartics to insure the removal of any that might be lodged in the intestines. Any complicating inflammation is treated on general principles. It has sometimes been found necessary to procure adhesion of the gall bladder to the abdominal walls by caustic potash, and then to remove the stone by the knife or by caustic; persons have lived for years with fistulæ communicating with the gall bladder, without any apparent suffering in health. Alkaline solutions have without sufficient reason been regarded as the most likely to dissolve gall stones. GALLAGHER, WILLIAM D., an American journalist and poet, born in Philadelphia in 1808. He removed in 1816 to Cincinnati, where in 1825 he entered the printing office of a newspaper. He wrote occasionally for the press, and became editor successively of the "Backwoodsman," at Xenia, O. (1830), the "Cincinnati Mirror" (1831), the "Western Literary Journal and Monthly Review" (1836), the "Hesperian, a Monthly Miscellany of General Literature" (1838), and in 1839 associate editor of the "Cincinnati Gazette," in which position he remained till 1850. He published 3 small volumes of poetry (1835-7), each entitled "Erato," the principal pieces in which are the "Penitent," the "Conqueror," and "Cadwallen." In 1841 he published a volume of "Selections from the Poetical Literature of the West," and in 1846 a select edition of his poems. When Thomas Corwin became secretary of the treasury in 1850, Mr. Gallagher accompanied him to Washington as his confidential clerk. In 1853 he removed to Louisville, Ky., and was for a time one of the editors of the "Daily Courier," but has since resided on a farm near the city. GALLAIT, LOUIS, a Belgian historical painter, born in Tournay in 1810, spent several years in studying his art in Paris. Among his pictures most celebrated and popular in Belgium is one illustrating the last honors paid to Egmont and Horn after their execution, which has been purchased by his native city, and one representing the last moments of Egmont (1853). His "Abdication of Charles V." is in the court of cassation of Brussels, and his "Montaigne visiting Tasso" is in the possession of King Leopold. His "Temptation of St. Anthony" has been presented by Leopold to Prince Albert. Most of his pictures have been exhibited and much admired in Paris; some of them are at Versailles and in the Luxembourg. He is now (1859) completing his great tableau of "Dalila." GALLAND, ANTOINE, a French antiquary and linguist, born near Montdidier, in Picardy, April 4, 1646, died in Paris, Feb. 17, 1715. În 1670 he became attached to the French embassy at Constantinople, visited Jerusalem, and copied there a great number of inscriptions, several of which Montfaucon published in his Palæographia Graca. Returning to France in 1675, he subsequently made two voyages to the Levant to collect medals, coins, &c. He was afterward appointed antiquary to the king. In 1709 he was appointed professor of Arabic in the royal college of France. His works are very numerous, but the most popular of them all perhaps is his translation into French of the "Tales of the Thousand and One Nights" (12 vols., Paris, 1704-'17), the famous "Arabian Nights' Entertainments," which he was the first to introduce to the knowledge of Europe. For some time they were thought to be inventions of his own. GALLAS, a race of E. Africa, comprising a number of tribes inhabiting the imperfectly explored region to the west, south, and east of Abyssinia, bordering on the country of the Danakil, Harrar, the Somauli, and the countries of Zendjero, Gurague, Caffa, and Enarea. They are also found in various parts of Abyssinia, where they have made extensive conquests. They seem to hold an intermediate place between the Arabian and negro races. Their color is dark brown, their hair strong and frizzled, though not exactly woolly, their eyes are small, features thick and flattened, faces round, and persons generally large and well formed. They are mostly pastoral in their mode of life, although some of the tribes bordering on Abyssinia are tillers of the soil. Mohammedanism has made converts among them, but the majority of the tribes adhere to paganism. Their religion is said to resemble that of the Caffres. They worship a supreme incomprehensible being whom they call Wak, and who manifests his will by dreams and omens, of which priests are the interpreters. These priests, who, according to Major Harris, are divided into 2 orders, sacrificers and sorcerers, carry with them a whip and bells, and the intestines of goats wound about their necks; these last implements of priestcraft are their favorite means of divination. The Gallas pray occasionally to their god, believe in a future state of reward or punishment, and the males of all the pagan tribes, however differing in other respects, make pilgrimages to a sacred tree on the banks of the Hawash, south of Shoa. A remarkable resemblance of the Galla religion in some points to Christianity was pointed out by Dr. Beke in the "Friend of the African" (vol. i., 1844), and seems to justify the belief that at some remote period they had a knowledge of the Christian faith. Their language bears affinity to the languages of the Somauli and Danakil. The word Galla in their tongue signifies invader, and the name by which they designate all their tribes in common is Oroma (orma, men). The tribes are independent of each other, some observing a patriarchal form of government, and some being ruled by females. The origin of this people has been much disputed. Some supposed them to be descendants of whites belonging to the Hebrew nation, and derive their name from the Hebrew halab, milk-an allusion to their original color. Others believed them to be Meccan Arabs who settled on the W. coast of the Red sea at a very early period. Dr. Beke places their cradle far S. of Abyssinia, and probably in the mountainous country near the sources of the Nile. It seems certain that they are of negro race, and that their original territory is some distance S. of that which they now occupy. The Abyssinians trace the origin of the Gallas to an Abyssinian princess who was given in marriage to a slave from the country S. of Gurague, and had 7 sons who became mighty robbers and founders of tribes. They invaded and settled in Abyssinia as early as 1537, and have continued their conquests and appropriations until they are now in possession of the fairest portions of that country. GALLATIN. I. A. N. co. of Ky., separated from Indiana by the Ohio river; area estimated at 150 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 5,137, of whom 704 were slaves. It is diversified by well wooded hills, and abounds in blue or Trenton limestone. The productions in 1850 were 402,150 bushels of Indian corn, 27,388 of wheat, and 198,095 lbs. of tobacco. There were 6 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 380 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate in 1855, $1,000,623. Capital, Warsaw. II. A S. E. co. of Ill., drained by Saline creek, separated on the E. from Kentucky by the Ohio river, and from Indiana by the Wabash; area, 310 sq. m.; pop. in 1855, 6,723; in 1858, about 8,500. It consists mostly of forest land, has a fertile soil, and contains valuable salt springs. The staples are horses, cattle, swine, lumber, tobacco, and salt. The agricultural products in 1850 were 436,125 bushels of Indian corn, 25,987 of oats, 200 lbs. of tobacco, and 47,622 of butter. There were 7 churches, 1 newspaper office, and 555 pupils attending public schools. A railroad has been projected from Vincennes to Paducah, which will pass through the county. Capital, Equality. Organized in 1812. GALLATIN, ALBERT, an American statesman, born in Geneva, Switzerland, Jan. 29, 1761, died in Astoria, Long Island, N. Y., Aug. 12, 1849. His original name was Abraham Albert Alphonse de Gallatin. His father, Jean de Gallatin, was a councillor of state. His parents, who were both of ancient and distinguished noble families, numbering among their connections the celebrated Necker and his daughter Madame de Staël, died while he was an infant. To the care of a female relative of his mother he owed an excellent education, which was completed at the university of Geneva, where he was graduated in 1779. At the university he gained the friendship of the young landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, who offered him a commission as lieutenant-colonel, which he declined, his republican principles and his sympa thy with the Americans in their revolutionary struggle impelling him to prefer, like Lafayette, to cross the Atlantic and volunteer his services to the cause of liberty. Early in 1780 he embarked for Boston in a vessel which by stress of weather was compelled to put into one of the harbors of Cape Ann. At a tavern on the cape near where he landed he found some Swiss from Geneva who knew his family. They were on their way to Machias, in Maine, where they intended to settle. He was easily persuaded to accompany them thither. On his arrival at Machias he found Capt. John Allen, the commandant of the fort, employed in raising volunteers for the defence of Passamaquoddy. Gallatin offered his services, and marched with the volunteers to the frontier, assisting them to drag a heavy cannon over swamps and muddy roads. He was soon appointed commander of the fort of Passamaquoddy, which was garrisoned by a small force of volunteers, militia, and Indians. The troops being in great want of supplies, he advanced $600 out of his own pocket, for which he received from Allen an order on the treasury of the United States. In Oct. 1780, he went to Boston, and on presenting his order found that there was no money in the treasury. His necessities compelled him to sell the draft for about one third of its nominal value. Soon after reaching Boston, with a fondness for geographical investigations that distinguished him through life, he made a series of excursions in different directions, in one of which he ascended Wachusett mountain, the highest in Massachusetts east of the Connecticut. In 1783 he was for a short time teacher of French at Harvard college, and in the following year, having received from Europe his patrimonial property, he went to Virginia and purchased a large tract of land in the western part of that state for the purpose of forming a settlement, from which he was deterred by the hostilities with the Indians. While surveying these lands he first met with Washington, who also owned large estates in that region. ington was seated in a land agent's log cabin, surrounded by a number of squatters and hunters, whom he was examining with a view to ascertain the best route for a road across the Alleghanies. Gallatin mingled with the throng and stood looking on for some time, while Washington put his questions with slowness and deliberation, and carefully noted down the answers. It was soon evident to the quick-minded Swiss that there was but one practicable pass; and after the testimony had abundantly settled the point, he grew impatient at Washington's slowness in coming to a conclusion, and suddenly interrupting the general's cross examination, cried out: "Oh, it's plain enough that [naming the place] is the most practicable." The by-standers stared with astonishment at the presumptuous youngster, and Washington, laying down his pen, looked at him sternly for a moment in evident displeasure, but did not speak. Presently he resumed his pen, put a Wash |