gle month to drink from a spring said to have wrought miraculous cures. A work on the efficacy of these waters, entitled "Wilt thou be made Whole?" was published at Bath in 1751. GLATZ, a county, circle, and town in the Prussian province of Silesia. The county comprises the circles of Glatz and Habelschwert in the district of Breslau; pop. 144,000. It forms a broad and uneven valley, surrounded by mountains, which separate it from Bohemia and Austrian Silesia, and is watered by the Neisse and its affluents. The soil in the vales is fertile, and on the mountain sides is favorable for grazing. There are mineral springs and coal mines, and flourishing linen and cotton manufactories. The possession of the county was long in dispute between Poland and Bohemia, and it frequently changed masters till conquered with Silesia by Frederic the Great; it was finally ceded to Prussia by the peace of Hubertsburg (1763).-The town is situated on the left side of the Neisse, and is strongly fortified, being defended by an old citadel, a modern fortress, and other works; pop. 10,650. It has a Roman Catholic gymnasium and college, a hospital, infirmary, barracks, and several factories. It was fortified as early as the 11th century, and has sustained numerous sieges. It capitulated in 1622 to the imperial troops, and in 1742 to the Prussians.-A part of the Sudetic mountains is often designated by the name of Glatzer Gebirge.

GLAUBER, JOHANN RUDOLF, a German chemist, born in Karlstadt in 1604, died in Amsterdam in 1668. He was a physician and alchemist, boasted of possessing several wonderful secrets, and was called the Paracelsus of his age. He passed his life in his laboratory, successively at Saltzburg, Frankfort, Cologne, and Amsterdam, and first exhibited the production of artificial salts, and discovered the salt to which his name is given. He wrote voluminously both on chemistry and alchemy, and a collection of his works were translated into English by C. Packe (London, 1689).

GLAUBER'S SALT, sulphate of soda, found native and artificially produced. The artificial salt was named from its discoverer (see above), who obtained it in making muriatic acid. The natural salt is usually met with as an efflorescence, sometimes deposited around hot springs, as at Carlsbad and Cheltenham, or about saline ponds, as in the country between the head waters of the Arkansas and Santa Fé, on the route to the Rocky mountains. It also occurs in a cavern near a volcano on Hawaii, one of the Sandwich islands, where it is produced by the action of the volcanic heat and gases upon the sea water. It is found as an efflorescence on the limestone rocks below the Genesee falls, Rochester, N. Y. It crystallizes in forms derived from an oblique rhombic prism. The crystals effloresce in the air, and lose their water of crystallization. It is most soluble in water at the temperature of 93.2° F., when, according to the experiments of Löwel, 412.22 parts of the

hydrated salt are dissolved by 100 of water; at 77° only 98.48 parts are taken up, and at 68°, 58.35 parts. The salt has a taste cool at first, then saline and bitter. It is white, transparent to opaque, of vitreous lustre, of hardness from 1.5 to 2, and specific gravity 1.481. Its composition is represented by the formula NaO, SO.+10HO, making its equivalent 161, and the percentage of water 55.76. It is artificially prepared by decomposing common salt by sulphuric acid (as in the preparation of hydrochloric acid, of which process it is the residue), with an excess of acid, which is taken up by the addition of carbonate of lime. It is very largely manufactured in England and France in order to prepare from it carbonate of soda and soda ash; to avoid the production of muriatic acid, a process has been introduced of making the salt by the reaction of common salt and sulphate of iron upon each other. It is also obtained as a residuum in the manufacture of bleaching salts, muriate of ammonia, &c., and from sea water, by exposing the water to intense cold, when this, the least soluble salt, separates by crystallizing.-Sulphate of soda is principally of value as a medium for obtaining the other salts of soda. Formerly it was much used in medicine as an aperient and diuretic; but sulphate of magnesia has taken its place, though it is still an ingredient in Seidlitz powders. By dissolving it in hydrochloric or dilute sulphuric acid, cold is produced, by which water may be frozen in summer; and wine coolers have been made designed for its use, in which, with 12 lbs. of the salt and 10 lbs. of acid, 10 to 12 lbs. of ice have been formed in the course of an hour. (See FREEZING MIXTURES.) The salt is an ingredient in some kinds of glass.

GLEE (Sax. glie, from glig, gligg, sport, music), a vocal composition in 3 or more parts, which is generally performed without instru mental accompaniment. Glees have for nearly 3 centuries formed a favorite musical recreation in England, although the term itself was not in use previous to the latter part of the 17th century.

GLEIG, GEORGE, a Scottish bishop and writer, born in Boghall, Kincardineshire, May 12, 1753, died in Stirling in Feb. 1839. He was educated at the university of Aberdeen, took orders in the Episcopal church, became in his 21st year pastor of a congregation at Pittenween, in Fifeshire, and was raised to the bishopric of Brechin in 1808. He was through life devoted to literature, was active in obtaining the repeal of the penal laws against the Episcopalians of Scotland, and edited the later volumes of the 3d edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica," and wrote almost without assistance the 2 supplementary volumes. He is also the author of occasional sermons, and of "Directions for the Study of Theology" (London, 1827).

GLEIG, GEORGE ROBERT, son of the preceding, a Scottish clergyman and author, born in Stirling, April 20, 1796. He abandoned his studies at Oxford to join as a volunteer a regiment

going to Spain in 1813, and served both in the Peninsula and in America. On retiring from the army he resumed his studies at Oxford, took his degree, was ordained, and was subsequently appointed chaplain to Chelsea hospital, and in 1846 chaplain general to the forces. His exertions to establish a system of education for the soldiers have since gained for him the inspector-generalship of military schools. The works of Mr. Gleig are for the most part histories or novels. Of the former, the "Family History of England" (1836; 2d ed. 1854) and the "Military History of Great Britain" (1845) are most esteemed; and of the latter, the "Subaltern" (1825), "Chelsea Pensioners" (1829), and "Country Curate" (1834). His eulogistic "Memoir of Warren Hastings" (1841) has been severely criticized. In 1858 he collected 2 vols. of his "Essays," chiefly from the "Edinburgh" and "Quarterly" reviews.

GLEIM, JOHANN WILHELM LUDWIG, a German poet, born in Ermsleben, Prussia, April 2, 1719, died in Halberstadt, Feb. 18, 1803. He published odes, fables, tales, and songs, which obtained for him the title of the German Anacreon. One of his best fables is Die Grille und die Ameise. He was an enthusiastic admirer of Frederic the Great, and his best productions celebrated his exploits. His Siegeslied nach der Schlacht bei Rossbach is the most famous of his battle songs. Gleim was very popular in Germany, and exercised for about 40 years a master influence on literature, less by his genius than by his generous patronage of young authors. He was a bachelor, but his home, kept by his accomplished niece Sophia Dorothea Gleim (whom he celebrated in his songs under the name of Gleminde), was a favorite resort of the most eminent German poets and scholars. An edition of his works, which appeared in 7 vols. in Halberstadt (1811-'13), was completed by an 8th vol. (Leipsic, 1842).

GLENCOE, one of the wildest and most gloomy of the Scottish glens, in the district of Lorn, Argyleshire, about 10 m. in length, and enclosed by lofty mountains. The lower part of the glen near Loch Leven is cultivated and wooded, but the upper part is exceedingly rugged and Farren, the mountains rising almost perpendicularly in fantastic forms, seamed with deep furrows worn by the winter torrents. A small lake, from which issues the Cona, lies in the middle of the valley. The path through the glen is lined by immense masses of rock. Near its N.W. extremity is the scene of the "massacre of Glencoe." After the revolution of 1688 many of the Scottish clans continued in arms for King James against King William. In Aug. 1691, the government of William issued a proclamation offering an amnesty to such insurgents as should take the oath of allegiance on or before Dec. 31. All the chiefs submitted within the prescribed time except the aged MacIan or Macdonald of Glencoe, whose tribe, a few hundred in number, inhabited this secluded valley. He went, Dec. 31, to Fort William and offered to take the oath; but the

colonel in command, not being a magistrate, could not administer the oath, and referred the chief to the sheriff at Inverary. Macdonald made his way to that place as speedily as possible over rugged mountains covered with snow, and took the oath of allegiance on Jan. 6, 1692. Three great Scottish nobles, the earls of Breadalbane and Argyle, and the master of Stair, who were then in London, determined to avail themselves of this unintentional delay to effect the destruction of the tribe of Macdonald, to whom Argyle and Breadalbane were hereditary enemies. The master of Stair was secretary of state for Scotland, and by representing to William that Glencoe had not submitted, and that the dwellers in the valley, whom he described as a band of robbers, were the only remaining obstacle to the complete pacification of the highlands, he obtained from the king an order for their extirpation. It was executed with horrible treachery and cruelty. On Feb. 1 a body of soldiers, 120 innumber, commanded by Campbell of Glenlyon, were sent to occupy Glencoe. They came professing peace and friendship, were received with the kindest hospitality, and for a fortnight lived at free quarters in the utmost familiarity with the people. On the evening of Feb. 12 the officers supped at Macdonald's house, and played cards with himself and his family. That same night, one of these officers, Lieut. Lindsay, with a party of soldiers, returned to the old chief's house, knocked, and was admitted. Macdonald rose from his bed to receive them, and was calling to his servants to bring refreshments for his visitors when he was shot through the head. His wife received such barbarous usage that she died the next day. Two of his attendants were also murdered. The commanding officer, Glenlyon, lodged in the house of a sub-chief, Inverriggen. At 5 in the morning the highlander and 9 of his family, among them a boy of 12 years old, were dragged from their beds and murdered in cold blood. At another house 8 persons sitting at breakfast were shot dead. In all, 40 persons were killed, among them several women. It was the intention of the butchers to slaughter the whole tribe, but owing to the inclemency of the night a detachment of soldiers sent to guard the outlets from the valley did not arrive in season, and the greater part of the people, aroused by the report of the fire-arms, fled naked to the mountains, where many of the women and children perished with cold and hunger. No punishment was inflicted on the authors of this crime. A graphic account of the massacre of Glencoe is given by Macaulay in his "History of England," vol. iv., and Campbell has made it the subject of a poem, "The Pilgrim of Glencoe." A writer in "Blackwood's Magazine," July, 1859, accuses Macaulay of partiality in his account of Glencoe, and charges the responsibility of the massacre on William III., acquitting him, however, of any intention of sanctioning treachery and breach of hospitality.

GLENDOWER, or GLENDWR, OWEN, a Welsh

chieftain, born in Merionethshire about 1349, died Sept. 20, 1415. His father was Gryffydd Vychan, and his mother, Elena, was granddaughter of Llewellyn, the last Welsh prince of Wales. He studied law at the inns of court in London, and became a barrister, but soon quitted the profession for that of arms. He was made squire of the body to Richard II., to whom he adhered to the last of his disastrous reign. In 1387 he was knighted, and at an early age married Margaret, daughter of Sir David Hanmer. After the deposition of Richard II., he retired to his lordship of Glendwrdwy in Wales. His retirement was wrongfully construed into disloyalty to the new king Henry IV., and his estates were declared forfeited, and seized by Lord Grey de Ruthyn, an Anglo-Norman nobleman whose domains adjoined those of Glendower. Thus driven into rebellion, Glendower proclaimed himself prince of Wales, and called his countrymen to arms. The Welsh bards, who hated the English, by whom they were persecuted and treated as vagabonds, espoused with ardor the pretensions of Glendower, to whom they attributed supernatural and necromantic powers, and whose fame they spread so rapidly that he was soon at the head of a considerable force of enthusiastic partisans. In the summer of 1400 he invaded and seized upon the estates of Lord Grey. That nobleman in reprisal, with the help of Lord Talbot, who had been sent to his assistance by the king, surprised and captured the residence of Glendower, who narrowly escaped being made prisoner. Rallying his followers, he pillaged and burned the town of Ruthyn, and made such progress that the king in person took the field against him. A long contest ensued, in the course of which Glendower, in 1402, made prisoner his old enemy, Lord Grey, who was compelled to pay a ransom of 10,000 marks, and to marry Jane, the 4th daughter of the Welsh chieftain. He next destroyed the cathedral of Bangor, and the cathedral and palace of St. Asaph, defeated Sir Edmund Mortimer at Pilleth Hill, near Knighton, in Radnorshire, with a loss of 1,000 men, took Sir Edmund prisoner, and treated him with such kindness that he became Glendower's partisan, and arranged for him an alliance with the Percys of Northumberland. The confederates agreed to divide the kingdom among themselves. The earl of Northumberland was to have all north of the Trent; Glendower all west of the Severn; and Mortimer, in the name of his nephew Edward Mortimer, the rightful heir to the crown, was to have the rest. Glendower, who was now at the height of his power, called together the estates of Wales, and was formally crowned prince at Machyulleth. In 1403 the confederates gave battle to Henry near Shrewsbury, and were defeated, Percy being killed in the action. In 1404 Glendower entered into an alliance offensive and defensive with Charles VI. of France. He gained some victories, but in March, 1405, he was defeated with the loss of 800 men at

Grosmont castle, and a second time in the same month at Mynydd pwl Melyn, with a loss of 1,500. For a time he wandered a fugitive through Wales, concealing himself in woods and caves. The French king, however, sent him a reenforcement of 12,000 men, to whom Glendower joined 11,000 Welsh, and marching into England, penetrated as far as Worcester. Here several indecisive engagements took place, and at length the French and Welsh allies retreated into Wales, and shortly afterward the French returned to their own country. For some years Glendower, protected by his mountains and forests, waged a partisan and predatory war with varying success, and at the time of his death was negotiating with Sir Gilbert Talbot, who had been sent by Henry V. to offer Glendower and his followers a free pardon on condition of returning to their allegiance. Glendower had 5 daughters and several sons, most or all of whom fell in battle in 1400.

GLENTWORTH, GEORGE, an American physician and surgeon, born in Philadelphia, July 22, 1735, died there, Nov. 4, 1792. After visiting various parts of Europe in 1755, he was graduated at the university of Edinburgh in 1758. He became a junior surgeon in the British army during the last French war in America. In 1777 he relinquished an extensive practice, and became first a regimental surgeon, and afterward senior surgeon, in the American army. In this capacity he extracted the ball received by Lafayette at the battle of Brandywine. Subsequently he was appointed director-general of hospitals for the middle division.

GLIDDON, GEORGE ROBINS, an English Egyptologist, born in Devonshire in 1809, died in Panama, Nov. 16, 1857. He went at an early age to Alexandria, where his father was a merchant, and also U. S. consul. He resided in Egypt 23 years, and was during part of the time U.S. vice-consul at Cairo. After leaving Egypt he came to the United States, and lectured at Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, on Egyptian antiquities. At the time of his death he was agent for the Honduras inter-oceanic railway company. He was the author of the following works: "Appeal to the Antiquaries of Europe on the Destruction of the Monuments of Egypt" (1841); "Discourses on Egyptian Archeology" (8vo., London, 1841); Otia Ægyptiaca" (1849); "Ancient Egypt" (1 vol. 4to., London and Philadelphia, 1850; new ed., 8vo., London, 1853); "Types of Mankind," written in conjunction with Dr. J. C. Nott and others (Philadelphia, 1854); "Indigenous Races of the Earth," also partly written by Dr. Nott and others (8vo., Philadelphia, 1857).

GLINKA, the name of a Russian family, to which the following literary men, all natives of the government of Smolensk, belong: I. GREGORI, born in 1774, died in Moscow in 1818, served as page at the imperial court and as an officer in the army, held various civil offices, officiated as teacher of the Russian language at the university of Dorpat, and accompanied the

grand dukes Nicholas and Michael on their travels in Russia and abroad. He wrote "The Ancient Religion of the Slavi" (1804) and various minor works, and translated a number of French and German books, chiefly on historical subjects. II. SERGHEL, born in 1774, died in Moscow in 1847, served in the army, which he left in 1799 with the rank of major, and was engaged as teacher in the Ukraine and at Moscow. Among his works are: "Natalia," a drama (1805); a translation of Young's "Night Thoughts" (1806); "Prince Michael of Tchernigov," a tragedy (1807); "Fair Olga," an opera (1808); "History of Russia for Young People" (10 vols., 1817 et seq.). He also edited the "Russian Messenger" from 1808 to 1821, and an autobiography of Suwaroff (1819). III. FEDOR, born in 1788, served in the Austrian campaign of 1805 against Napoleon, and during the invasion of Russia in 1812, became colonel, was accused of being a member of secret societies and sent to Petrozavodsk in the government of Olonetz, and became after his return to the capital president of the "Society of Friends of Russian Literature." He is highly esteemed both as a poet and as a military historian, his chief productions being "Letters on the Campaigns of 1805-'6 and of 1812-'15" (8 vols., 1815 et seq.), historical novels, and poetical translations from the Bible. IV. MIHAIL, born in 1804, died in Berlin in 1857, was the author of various national Russian operas, and became the director of the imperial opera as well as of the choir of the imperial chapel at St. Petersburg. GLOBE, ARTIFICIAL, a hollow sphere of sheet metal, plaster, pasteboard, paper, or other material, upon the surface of which is delineated a map of the earth or heavens, with the va rious circles to which points are referred to determine their positions. Globes are thus of two sorts, severally called terrestrial and celestial. They serve as models to impart correct ideas of the form and movements of the earth and of the heavenly bodies, of their position in relation to each other at different times, also of the relative positions of places upon the earth, and of the principle of designating these by lines of latitude and longitude. Globes are also applied to the mechanical solution of various astronomical problems, as the difference of time in different places, dependent on the position of the sun in relation to those places, the times of the rising and setting of the sun at any place, and many other similar questions, which may be approximately determined without recourse to mathematical calculations. It is how ever chiefly for the sake of the clear instruction in general geography, which many persons fail to derive from maps, that globes are especially valuable. It is unknown when they were first constructed; but the first terrestrial globe is supposed to have been made by Anaximander of Miletus, a pupil of Thales, who flourished about 560 B. C. Ptolemy made use of one provided with the universal meridian, such as is applied to those now in use. The ancients are also said

to have had celestial globes. Martin Behaim, the celebrated navigator, constructed a terrestrial globe at Nuremberg toward the close of the 15th century. Tycho Brahe had one of copper nearly 5 feet in diameter. Another was made in Venice in 1683 for Louis XIV., 12 feet in diameter. Another, 11 feet in diameter, constructed by Brousch of Limburg, attracted the attention of Peter the Great, who caused it to be purchased and removed to St. Petersburg. It was large enough to accommodate 12 persons sitting around a table within it. Its inner surface was celestial, the stars being represented by gilded nails; and the outer surface was terrestrial. The imperial library of Paris has 2 globes of over 14 feet diameter. A magnificent copper globe made for Louis XVI. is in the Mazarin library; and another of the same material and of admirable workmanship, designed by Poirson, for the instruction of the king of Rome, and bought by Louis XVIII. for 36,000 francs, is in the museum of the Louvre. In 1851 a globe of mammoth dimensions and novel construction was built in Leicester square, London, by Mr. Wyld. It was 56 feet in diameter, and the delineations were upon the inside only. These were modelled in slabs of plaster of Paris, which were set like a ceiling on the ribs of zinc which formed the framework of the structure. The slabs were cast in clay moulds, which were prepared with care from the most correct maps on a scale of 10 miles to the inch. About 6,000 slabs were required to cover the whole surface, their dimensions varying from 2 feet square as the width diminished toward the poles. The topographical features were represented in relief, and the surface finally painted in colors. A stairway wound around from the base by which the circular platforms one above another were reached that brought the spectators near to the inner surface of the great shell. -The globes used by geographers in the middle of the last century were very similar in their details to those now in use. Much attention was directed to their manufacture, and a treatise on their construction and use was published in 1769 by Mr. George Adams, mathematical instrument maker to his Britannic majesty. The first requisite is a ball to receive precisely the printed map; this is therefore first accurately measured, and due allowance is made for the shrinking each segment will experience after being wet. The diameter being determined, a silver-steel semicircle 13 inches wide and inch thick is next made, of precisely half this diameter less that of the wires intended for the poles. A. globe of wood is now made of an inch less in diameter than the steel circle. Into 2 opposite points of this so called mould bits of No. 7 wire are inserted for poles. Dry paper is laid all over it to prevent the pasted paper to be next laid from adhering. This is of coarse heavy quality, and some 8 or 10 layers saturated with paste are applied in succession as evenly as possible, covering the whole surface. As this coating becomes dry, it shrinks and fits tightly

over the mould. It is then hung by the poles in the front edge of a bench fitted to receive it, and by applying a knife on the line of the equator while the ball is made to revolve, the shell is cut through, so that it may be taken off the mould in two hemispheres. This being done, a turned stick of right length with a short wire in each end for poles is introduced, one end in each hemisphere, and the two shells being brought together are secured by glueing their edges. The ball, called in its present state the foundation, is placed in the steel semicircle, and coated with a composition of glue and whiting. Being made to revolve, the excess of the composition is removed by the circle, and the ball is thus turned smooth and true, after which it is carefully dried. The next process is to lay out the lines of latitude and longitude, which is done by a beam compass, commencing with the colures and ecliptic. The first meridian is usually made to pass through the intersections of the equator and ecliptic, the points of the vernal and autumnal equinoxes; and from the former of these points the reckoning of the degrees on the equator and ecliptic begins. The maps are now to be cut on the engraved meridians of each 15°, thus making 24 segments; and these are pasted in succession with white paste upon the foundation, the lines drawn upon it serving as guides. The fitting requires great care, that the edges may be made to exactly coincide, and some stretching of the equatorial portions is sometimes requisite. When dry the paper covering is colored, and then sized with gelatine and immediately varnished. The final process before mounting is to dry again at 200° F. Holtzapffell says: "A globe is usually covered with 26 pieces of paper, namely, 2 pole papers or circles, including 30° around each pole, and 24 gores meeting at the equator. Sometimes the gores extend from the pole to the equator; every gore has then a narrow curved central notch extending 30° from the equator." The globe is hung for support by its poles in a brass circle, which goes round it and is called the universal meridian, inasmuch as any point upon the surface of the globe revolving in this may be brought under it. It is divided into degrees, which on one side are reckoned from either pole toward the equator for the purpose of giving the elevation of the poles, and on the other from the equator toward either pole, to be used for finding the latitude of places. A frame or stand is prepared to receive the globe with its brass circle, the top presenting a broad horizontal circle with two vertical slots placed opposite each other for receiving the brass meridian; which when adjusted is free to slide around in its own plane, so that the poles may be upright, horizontal, or at any angle to the horizontal circle. Around this circle, which represents the rational horizon or imaginary plane passing through the centre of the earth, are drawn several concentric circles; the innermost represents the horizon, and the slots for the brass circle are on the N. and S. points; the

degrees on the northern 2 quadrants are reckoned from E. and W. toward the N., and those on the southern toward the S. Outside of this is the circle representing the calendar, with the names of the months and divisions corresponding to the days. The next circle contains the signs and degrees of the ecliptic, so arranged that against each day of the year is found the point of the ecliptic in which the sun is situated. In the globes recently constructed by Messrs. Moore and Nims of Troy, N. Y., the horizontal circle is made to revolve. It is attached to arms which extend below the brass meridian, and unite, supporting the adjusting clamp, which supports the brass meridian. A taper pin extends down 3 inches from the lowest part of the arms and fits into a socket in the iron base, thus securing by the revolutions of the meridian and horizon in their own planes the effect of a universal joint, so that any part of the globe can be brought under observation without changing the position of the base. Upon the N. pole of the globe is attached a small circle of brass, called the hour circle, the pole passing through its centre, and holding it so that the two move round together, but yet admitting the hour circle to be moved round by the hand upon the axis. The circle is divided into 24 equal parts, corresponding to the hours of the day, and either one of these can be placed upon any meridian by turning the circle. The quadrant of altitude is a brass slip equal in length to the circumference, and divided into 90°. It is fastened to the brass meridian, and is used for measuring degrees in any direction on the globe. A mariner's compass is sometimes attached to the frame of the globe for the purpose of placing the meridian in a N. and S. line. The various circles connected with the terrestrial globe are equally appropriate to the celestial; and as the latter are ordinarily constructed, the observer is supposed to be looking down upon the heavens presenting a convex surface, upon which the stars and constellations are mapped in their proper relative positions. To render the nature of the imaginary circles to which the points upon both globes are referred more clear for the student, the armillary sphere was contrived, which consists of the several circles in the form of graduated brass rings placed in their appropriate positions, and containing in the centre a small globe representing the earth. These circles are the horizon, meridian, equator, ecliptic, equinoctial colure, and the solstitial colure. The sphere formed by them is supported in a frame in the same manner as the globes.-To render the principles taught by globes more familiar and intelligible to students, these instruments were constructed many years since in England with blank surfaces, or at least with nothing more than the meridians and parallels of latitude drawn upon them. They were covered with a substance on which drawings could be made with a slate pencil and easily effaced. White globes were also in use