scesses; and the glands on the sides of the neck, the seat of frequent suppuration in scrofulous children and adults.

GLANDERS, a contagious and fatal disease, arising in man from the introduction into the system of a specific animal poison from the horse, characterized by glandular swellings and abscesses in various parts of the body, by pustular and gangrenous eruptions and ulcers on the skin and mucous membranes of the air passages, and by a profuse and fetid purulent discharge from the nose. In the horse there are two forms, which have received different names, though they are stages of the same disease; when seated in the lymphatic glands and vessels, it is called farcy, and when in the nasal cavities, glanders; the purulent matters of either of these forms will produce the other, and the former will proceed to the latter if the animal live long enough, though glanders generally arises first. The hard cord-like swellings of the lymphatics and their glands are called farcy buds; these suppurate, and form fistulous ulcers, discharging a thin sanious matter. In glanders in the horse, there is a constant flow from the nostrils, at first thin and watery, afterward thick and opaque, and finally purulent, bloody, and fetid; the vesicles which form on the Schneiderian membrane become foul ulcers, involving even the bones of the nose; the soft parts of the face swell, ulcerate, and become gangrenous, causing speedy death from putrid fever or the slower process of exhausting suppuration. Glanders in man has been called equinia by Elliotson, indicating its origin from the horse family, and corresponding in termination to vaccinia, or small pox modified by passing through the system of the This disease has been long known in veterinary medicine, but it is less than 40 years since it was ascertained that it could be communicated from horses to man as a specific affection equally fatal to equine and to human life; since then the cases have so multiplied that there cannot be a doubt that the accidental inoculation of glanderous matters from the horse will produce the same disease in man; it has been positively asserted that the glanders may be communicated by infection without actual contact with the morbid products, but this may reasonably be doubted. Acute glanders has a period of incubation varying from 3 to 8 days, when the symptoms attending the action of animal poisons begin to show themselves, such as severe wandering pains, high fever, delirium, profuse and offensive perspiration and discharges; the inoculated part becomes red, swollen, and painful, and the lymphatic vessels and glands inflamed, followed by diffused abscesses in the neighborhood of the large joints, and by symptoms of typhoid fever and great prostration. In a few days a shining livid inflammation invades the face, and the characteristic viscid, offensive, and sanious discharge is poured out from the nostrils; at the same time numerous hard and large pustules appear

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on the face; these pustules spread over the neck and body, the nasal discharge is accompanied by gangrene, the abscesses increase in size and number, and death occurs in the low muttering delirium of the putrid fevers. In chronic glanders there is the peculiar nasal discharge, with pain and swelling of the nose and eyes, emaciation, profuse perspiration, abscesses, and gradual exhaustion of the vital powers. In acute farcy the first symptoms are those of inflammation of the lymphatics leading from the wound or abrasion, followed by abscesses, pustular eruptions, and nasal discharge of glanders. In chronic farcy the progress is slower, the abscesses degenerating into foul ulcers, and the disease terminating, perhaps after the lapse of months, in acute glanders, if the patient survive the exhausting suppuration. The pustules commence in the skin or on the mucous membranes, but the unhealthy inflammation soon involves the underlying areolar tissue, forming greater or smaller purulent collections; the foul ulcers of the nasal passages and their connected sinuses commence by a pustular eruption on the mucous surfaces; the ulcers often extend to the pharynx and larynx, and small abscesses are found in the lungs, the consequence of purulent absorption; the veins and lymphatics are usually more or less filled with pus, and always inflamed in the vicinity of the inoculated part. The average duration of this disease is from 15 to 20 days; it sometimes proves fatal in one week, and may be prolonged to the 6th. The glanders was formerly confounded with the malignant pustule, from which it is distinguished by the general symptoms preceding the eruption, by the numerous abscesses, and the peculiar nasal discharge; in ordinary purulent absorption there is not the pustular and gangrenous cutaneous eruption, neither will the inoculated pus reproduce the specific lesions of glanders. The general assemblage of symptoms will also sufficiently distinguish it from malignant small pox, scurvy, and gangrenous typhoid fevers. Glanders in the horse may arise spontaneously when the animal is exposed to insufficient or unwholesome food, foul air, and confinement; but there is no record of these or any other similar causes having produced the disease in man; he always contracts it from the horse or ass by actual contact with the glanderous matter; the miasmata of the disease will often convey a malignant and fatal form of fever to man, but never, as far as is known, the true glanders. The blood of a glandered horse injected into the veins of a healthy one will produce the disease; it appears in from 3 days to a month after inoculation, according to circumstances ill understood. It does not appear that ruminating or carnivorous animals are subject to glanders; it is probable that other solipeds, as the jaghatai, quagga, and zebra, are susceptible to the disease, which seems peculiar to the equida. The prognosis in the acute disease is highly unfavorable, a little less so in the chronic form, though recovery in either case is a rare

exception; of course those having charge of glanderous horses should take the greatest precautions against inoculation of any wound or abrasion, though some constitutions seem proof against even this highly contagious disease. It is produced by the introduction into the blood of man of a specific animal poison, existing in its most intense form in the nasal secretions and purulent discharges of glanderous horses; the disease in the horse and in man is unquestionably the same; the nasal discharge in the latter is less remarkable, and indeed may be absent, because in him, prostrated on his back, the secretions of the nose fall down into the throat, and are spit from the mouth, while in the horse the fetid matters would naturally flow from the nose. If any thing were wanting to complete the chain of evidence, we have it in the fact that the inoculation of the nasal and purulent matters from men affected with glanders has always produced the same disease in the horse and ass. No treatment has been found effectual in this disease; the blood being poisoned from the beginning, the indication is to support the strength by stimulant and antiseptic tonics, especially wine, ammonia, and ether; all depletion is out of the question; swollen glands may be extirpated, abscesses opened as soon as formed, and the nasal cavities injected with creosote and chlorinated solutions; nervous irritation may be quieted by narcotics, and the foul odor annihilated by chlorine and other disinfectants. Creosote, according to Elliotson, is the best remedy; iodide of potash and iodine have been successfully employed in acute farcy.-For fuller details on glanders and farcy, the reader may consult Elliotson in vols. xiii., xviii., and xix. of the "London Medico-Chirurgical Transactions;" Rayer, in the Mémoires de l'académie royale de médecine (1837); Dr. Burgess, in his translation of Cazenave on "Diseases of the Skin" (London, 1842); and occasional cases in the domestic and foreign medical journals.

GLANVIL, or GLANVILLE, RANULF DE, chief justiciary of England in the reign of Henry II., and supposed author of one of the oldest treatises on the laws of England, died in 1190. He was of Norman descent, signalized his valor under Henry II. in repelling the invasion of England by William of Scotland, accompanied Richard I. on the crusade, and perished at the siege of Acre. The work ascribed to him is entitled Tractatus de Legibus Consuetudinis Regni Anglia, Tempore Regis Henrici Secundi, was first published in London in 1554, ranks with those of Britton, Bracton, and Fleta, and is relied upon as authority by the principal modern authors. Some of the manuscripts state only that it was written in his time, without ascribing it to him. The best edition is that by John Wilmot (1780). The only English translation is by John Beames (1812).

GLANVILL, JOSEPH, an English divine and philosopher, born in Plymouth in 1636, died in Bath, Nov. 4, 1680. He was educated at Oxford, became a priest, and was made rector of

the abbey church, Bath, in 1666. He became chaplain in ordinary to the king, and in 1678 was appointed a prebendary of Worcester cathedral. He is distinguished as an opponent of Aristotelianism, as a believer in witchcraft, and as the first writer in England who presented philosophical scepticism in a systematic form. His first work, entitled the "Vanity of Dogmatizing," was published in London in 1661, and a 2d and enlarged edition of it appeared in 1665, under the title of "Scepsis Scientifica, or Confessed Ignorance the way to Science," with a dedication to the newly founded royal society, which body at once elected him a fellow. The design of the book is to show the necessary ignorance of man and the impotence of reason in respect to the most important objects of knowledge, and especially to censure the verbal and captious character of the prevalent peripatetic philosophy, with its meaningless terms and definitions. In his treatment of the question of causation he prepared the way for Hume. His style is animated and elegant. He made another attack on the ancient philosophy in his "Plus Ultra, or the Progress and Advancement of Knowledge since the Days of Aristotle" (1668), in which he exalted Bacon and Boyle and the inductive method. Notwithstanding his scepticism, he credited the stories of sorcery and witchcraft. The account of a drum that was heard every night in a house in Wiltshire, which furnished Addison the idea of his comedy of the "Drummer," appears to have been the occasion of Glanvill's "Philosophical Considerations concerning the Existence of Sorcerers and Sorcery" (1666), the convictions expressed in which are repeated in his Sadducismus Triumphans, published posthumously (1681), with an account of his life and writings by Dr. Henry More. Among his other works are Lux Orientalis (1662), in which he treats of the preexistence of souls, following the views of Henry More; "Essays on Several Important Subjects in Philosophy and Religion" (1676); an "Essay on Preaching" (1678); and a volume of sermons, edited by Dr. Horneck (1681).

GLARUS, or GLARIS, one of the smallest of the Swiss cantons, bounded N. and E. by St. Gall, S. by the Grisons, and W. by Uri and Schwytz; area, 280 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 30,213, of whom 26,281 were Protestants and 3,932 Catholics. The principal of the mountain chains which occupy almost its entire surface extends from the Hausstock to the Scheibe, and has an average height of 8,000 feet, but there are many separate peaks of much greater elevation. The Doedi or Todi, 11,887 feet high, in the S. part, is the loftiest mountain in E. Switzerland. Traversing the canton from N. to S., and extending from the land between the lakes of Zürich and Wallenstadt to Mts. Doedi and Scheerhorn, is a large valley through which flows the river Linth, and opening into this are 3 or 4 minor valleys, each the basin of a river of its own name which empties into the Linth. The chief of these are the Sernft and

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the Klön. Only their deepest and most sheltered parts are habitable throughout the year, and even in such places snow often remains until the middle of April. There are several lakes, shut in by the wild and romantic scenery characteristic of this Alpine region, but none remarkable for size. The lake of Wallenstad forms about 8 miles of its northern boundary. Not more than of the surface is susceptible of tillage. The most fertile land lies in the valley of the Linth, where grain and fruit, particularly cherries, are cultivated with success. The accessible parts of the mountains are occupied by pastures. From these snow-capped hills, the cradles of vast glaciers, innumerable torrents pour into the valleys during the spring and summer, and often cause fearful devastation. With the exception of marble, slate, and gypsum, there are no minerals of much importance. Small quantities of coal are found, and there are ancient mines, now almost exhausted, of silver, copper, and iron. The principal kinds of timber are pine, beech, ash, maple, and chestnut. The flora, ranging from an altitude of 1,500 feet above sea level to the highest point of vegetation, is varied and rich. The chief species of game are the chamois, fox, hare, marmot, and badger. The pastures feed about 10,000 horned cattle, 12,000 sheep, and 6,000 goats. One of the most important manufactures is that of the well-known schabzieger, or green cheese," made of the milk of cows and goats, mixed with churned milk, and colored and flavored with the blue pansy, locally called klee. The other manufactures comprise cotton, woollen, linen, and silk goods, prints, muslins, writing slates, and many articles in wood. An active trade is carried on with Germany and Italy, transportation being effected through a number of mountain passes, and by means of 2 canals which connect the Linth with the lakes of Wallenstadt and Zürich. Glarus, which occupies the 7th place in the Swiss confederation, enjoys a singularly democratic form of government, the supreme power residing in a general assembly of all the males over 16 years of age, who meet annually to elect magistrates and accept or reject the laws proposed by the executive council of 80 members. Taxation is very light, crimes are few, and education is almost universal. The canton contributes 3,615 francs to the federal treasury, and 482 men to the army. The chief towns are Glarus, Mollis, Enneda, and Schwanden.-The name Glarus is supposed to be a corruption of St. Hilarius, in whose honor a church was built in this canton about 490 by an Irish monk called Fridolin, the founder of the convent of Seckingen on the Rhine. The upper part of the valley became the property of this convent, while the lower was dependent upon the nunnery of Schännis. It was afterward subject to bailiffs nominated by the house of Hapsburg, to escape from whose tyranny the inhabitants joined the Helvetic confederation in 1352, and in 1388 secured their independence by the famous victory of Näfels.

Zwingli was curate of Glarus from 1506 to 1516. The introduction of Protestantism gave rise to many disturbances.-GLARUS, capital of this canton, is a thriving manufacturing town, situated in a secluded Alpine valley at the foot of Mts. Glärnisch and Schilt, on the left bank of the Linth, here crossed by 2 bridges; pop. 4,500. It contains a Gothic church, used by both Catholics and Protestants, a free school for 700 children, a new government house, an old town house, and a printing office. The streets are crooked and narrow, and the houses are fantastically painted. Cottons, woollens, muslins, and hardware are the principal manufactures. In midwinter the town is almost continually in the shadow of the mountains, the sun being visible only during 4 hours of the day.

GLASGOW, the chief commercial and manufacturing city of Scotland, situated on both banks of the river Clyde, 20 m. from the sea, in the county of Lanark, lat. 55° 51′ 32′′ N., long. 4° 17′ 54′′ W.; distant from Edinburgh, W. by S., 43 m. by road and 48 by rail, and from London, N. E., 404 m.; pop. in 1851, including the suburbs, 344,986, of whom 162,933 were males, and 182,053 females. Following the ratio of increase of the preceding 10 years, the population would now (1859) be 401,516. Glasgow is 44 m. in length, and 2 m. in width. The city proper stands wholly on the N. bank of the Clyde, with the burgh of Gorbals and districts of Hutcheson and Kingston S. of the river, Anderston W., the burgh of Blytheswood and Port Dundas W. and N., and the burgh of Calton E., so blended together as to form but one city, under a common municipality and police. Glasgow is a royal, municipal, and parliamentary borough, governed by a lord provost (mayor), 8 bailies (aldermen), and 39 councillors, beside the dean of guild and the deacon convener of the trades, who are members of council ex officiis. Two of the council exercise a

species of admiralty jurisdiction over the river and frith of Clyde. About 5,000 prisoners pass through the gaols annually. The police force consists of 627 men, and the total cost of the police in 1854, including lighting and cleansing, was £64,726. The burgh returns 2 members to the house of commons. The average annual mortality is 1 in 33, and of children under 5 years of age 1 in 8. The climate is temperate, but humid; the mean annual fall of rain is 32 inches, and the mean range of temperature 49° to 75°. Glasgow has been lighted with gas since 1817. It has a large supply of water, of indifferent quality, furnished from the Clyde by a water company, and within a few years an arrangement has been made for investing the corporation with power to convey water from Loch Katrine. The ground plan of the city is tolerably regular. A principal street runs E. and W. parallel to the river, on the N. side, for a distance of 1 m., under the several names of Argyle street, Trongate, and Gallowgate. Parallel to this are many fine streets, as Ingram, St. Vincent, George, &c., these being intersected

by other streets running N. and S., of which the principal and most ancient is the High street and Saltmarket. The Green is a well kept park of 140 acres, lying along the N. side of the Clyde, at the E. end of the city. This is emphatically the people's park, where the various peculiarities of Glasgow life and conversation may be studied to advantage. Kelvin grove, written of by Burns, has been purchased by the city, and is being laid out as the West End park from designs by Sir Joseph Paxton. A botanical garden of 40 acres lies about 1 m. N. W. from the city, and is mostly used in connection with the botanical classes of the university, but is open to the public, at stated periods, on payment of one penny. There are many fine buildings. The cathedral or High church is the best specimen remaining in Scotland of the old ecclesiastical architecture. It stands conspicuously on high ground in the N. E. section of the city. It was commenced in 1133, but was not completed for 3 centuries. It is in the early English style, 320 feet in internal length, and 63 in breadth; the height of the choir is 90 feet, and of the nave 85 feet. A square tower rises from the centre of the building, surmounted by an octagonal spire 225 feet in height from the floor of the choir, which itself is 104 feet above the level of the Clyde. Many of its windows are of exquisite workmanship. Under the cathedral is an extensive crypt formerly used as a chapel. The whole number of churches in 1851 was 143, distributed as follows among the various denominations: Baptist, 7; Episcopalian, 5; Established church, 25; Free church, 30; Independent, 11; Roman Catholic, 7; United Presbyterian, 23; other denominations, 35. S. W. of the cathedral stood the bishop's castle, erected in 1430, but the ruins were removed in 1789 to make way for the infirmary, a fine edifice, wholly supported by voluntary contributions. The royal exchange, the handsomest building in the city, is in the florid Corinthian style, with a colonnade. Its news room is 122 feet long by 60 broad, with an ornamented roof supported by 18 pillars. Among the other edifices of a public nature are the new city and county buildings, containing all the municipal offices, as also the merchants' hall; the court house, at the W. end of the Green, with a frontage of 215 feet, in the Doric style, &c. Five bridges, all of modern construction, cross the Clyde. The Victoria bridge, 467 feet long and 60 feet wide, with 5 arches of freestone cased with granite, is one of the finest structures in Europe. Glasgow bridge, designed by Telford, with 7 arches, is 560 feet long and 60 feet wide. Glasgow contains several public monuments, among the chief of which are an equestrian statue of William III., in the Trongate; an obelisk to Nelson, in the green; a bronze statue by Flaxman of Sir John Moore, a statue by Chantrey of James Watt, and one of Sir Walter Scott on a Doric column 100 feet high, all in George square; a statue of Pitt by Chantrey, in the town hall, which also contains some historical portraits; a statue

of Sir Robert Peel; an equestrian statue of the duke of Wellington, in front of the royal exchange, by Marochetti; a statue of Queen Victoria, to commemorate her visit to the city in 1849, also by Marochetti; and one of John Knox on an obelisk in the necropolis. The commercial institutions of Glasgow are a chamber of commerce, instituted in 1783; the royal exchange and Lloyd's room, with 2,000 subscribers; E and W. India associations, &c.; with 11 jointstock banks and branches, and 1 savings bank. The educational institutions of Glasgow are of the highest rank. The university, founded under a bull of Pope Nicholas V. in 1451, is annually attended by 1,000 students. They are all non-resident, and pay only the fees for tuition, boarding where they please. Sixty foundations, or bursaries, in value generally from £5 to £25, a few being worth £40, and one £50, per annum, are distributed among the students, and are held for 4 or 6 years and applied in payment of tuition. In addition to these are 10 of £120 per annum, and 4 of £20 for 10 years to scholars of the Glasgow university studying at Baliol college, Oxford. There is but one session annually, from the last Wednesday of October to May 1, and the academic course extends over 4 years. Whatever other studies they pursue, students are required to attend Greek the 1st year, having previously a knowledge of Latin, logic the 2d, moral philosophy the 3d, and natural philosophy the 4th. The academic body of the university consists at present of the lord chancellor, the lord rector, the dean of faculty, the principal and vice-chancellor, 22 professors, and 1 lecturer. The office of chancellor, formerly a royal appointment, is now an honorary election for life. The university buildings are in the Elizabethan style, and have a front of 305 feet on High street, with a depth of 282 feet, forming 4 quadrangular courts, 3 stories high, with turrets, and having a spire 153 feet high; its lightning rod was erected in 1772 under the auspices of Dr. Franklin. The university contains a library of 60,000 vols. Immediately behind the college is the Hunterian museum, containing the library, coins, and anatomical collection bequeathed by Dr. William Hunter to the university. The collection is valued at £130,000. The Andersonian university is an institution on the plan of a college for the working classes. It was founded by Dr. Anderson, professor of natural philosophy in the Glasgow university, and brings within reach of operatives the study, under able teachers, of the physical sciences, medicine, literature, and the arts. It had 1,685 pupils in 1854-5. A mechanics' institute and government school of design are also in successful operation. The high school, or grammar school, is believed to be older than the university, to which it is preparatory. Glasgow has 2 normal training schools, belonging respectively to the Established church and Free church of Scotland, The philosophical, literary, and various antiquarian societies have each their collections of

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special libraries. There are several publishing houses in the city, but that business is mostly absorbed by Edinburgh. The daily and weekly newspaper press is conducted with ability. The charitable institutions are very numerous, comprising asylums for the aged and destitute, for the deaf, dumb, blind, and insane, hospitals, charity schools, and various benevolent associations. Hutcheson's hospital distributes alms to about 500 persons annually, most of whom are women, and educates and clothes between 150 and 200 boys.-Glasgow is most favorably situated both for manufacture and commerce, and beside its ocean navigation is the centre of a system of canals and railways. The Forth and Clyde canal, 35 m. long, having its Glasgow terminus at Port Dundas, unites the 2 seas E. and W. of Scotland, with 10 feet of water; the Monkland canal, 12′ m. long and 6 feet deep, connects with the coal and iron mines; and the Paisley and Johnstone canal unites the city with the 2 towns from which it has its name. railways are the Glasgow and Paisley; Monkland; Glasgow, Paisley, and Greenock; Edinburgh and Glasgow; Glasgow and south-western; and the Caledonian. There are steamship lines to New York, Liverpool, Belfast, via the Clyde, Dublin, Bristol, Waterford, Cork, Londonderry, Stranraer, and Portrush, together with the lines of 13 companies to all parts of the Scottish highlands and islands. The Clyde has a course of 115 miles, but is of no value as a watercourse above Glasgow. The improvement of the river navigation has been intimately connected with the growth of the city. Its channel has been almost made by artificial means since 1555. In 1662 the magistrates purchased a port 16 m. down the river, and built a harbor called Port Glasgow. In 1688 a small wharf was built at the Broomielaw, but for the next 100 years no vessel drawing more than 6 feet of water could come up. The depth of water in 1855 was 19 feet. The wharves extend over 2 m. in length, with sheds and all other needful accommodation, in immediate connection with the various railways. The harbor has 48 acres of water surface. The river for 7 m. below the city has been widened and embanked with stone. Till the American war the Glasgow merchants enjoyed almost the monopoly of importing tobacco. After that event they turned their attention to the West Indian trade. Their traffic with the East Indies dates from 1816. Their timber trade with the British N. A. provinces is very extensive, and an important business is now done in Australian emigration and supply. The establishment of steamships to New York has also enabled exporters to fill orders direct, which formerly flowed through other ports. The principal articles of export to the United States are iron, coal, cotton thread, bleaching powders, sewed muslins, Turkey-red cambrics, red and yellow prussiates, jaconets, shawls, tobacco pipes, cast-iron water and gas pipes. The following table exhibits the commerce of the port in 1856:

In the same year Glasgow owned 413 sailing vessels of 150,621 tons, and 145 steamships of 53,039 tons; total 558 ships, with an aggregate tonnage of 203,660. The value of exports from Glasgow in 1854 was £4,905,557, and the amount of customs dues collected on imports £666,818.-The manufactures of Glasgow are cotton goods, woollens, silks, shawls, carpets, glass and pottery, chemicals, iron, and machinery of all kinds, particularly marine steam engines. It has beside distilleries, breweries, dye works, bleach fields, paper mills, and an endless variety of fancy hand-loom fabrics. In and near the city in 1854 there were 95 cotton factories employing 22,000 hands, 7 woollen works with 700 hands, 4 silk factories with 700 hands, 4 flax with 1,300 hands, and 11 calico print-works with 3,000 hands; in all, 121 manufactories with 27,700 persons engaged in the place in the production of textile fabrics, together with the population of the weaving villages for a large circuit around the city, and the factories at Blantyre, Lanark, Rothesay, &c., which are properly included in Glasgow industry. In 1856 the number of spindles employed in cotton spinning was about 1,800,000, consuming annually 120,000 bales of cotton, and supplying 27,000 power looms, which produced daily 670,000 yards of cloth. Embroidery and the manufacture of sewed muslin give employment to a large number of females of the surrounding counties. Glasgow has long been noted for its Turkey-red dyes. The dye works, of all colors, employ 1,000 hands. The iron manufactures are equally important with the textile. Situated in the immediate vicinity of the mineral district, Glasgow has every facility for competing in this branch of production with the most favored localities. The introduction of the hot blast in the process of smelting increased the number of furnaces from 16 in 1830 to 102 in