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the substance of the article it covers, and the same quantity is thus made not merely to spread over a much larger surface, but to be permanently attached to metallic bodies, so as to withstand the action of heat and of atmospheric agents without injury-an art incompatible with the attainments of the ancients in chemistry.Gilding with gold leaf is distinguished as the mechanical branch of the art; and of this there are two distinct processes, one of which is called burnish gilding or gilding in distemper, and the other oil gilding. In the former the article to be ornamented, as the moulding of a picture frame, is received from the joiner before it is made up. A priming of hot size and whiting, carefully prepared of the best materials, and called thin white, is first applied. When dry, all irregularities in the moulding are filled in with the same composition, made of the consistency of putty. Four or five coats of the priming are afterward applied, made thicker than at first, and called thick white, each being allowed to dry before the next is laid on. In these intervals the fine work of the moulding is kept open by the use of suitable scooping tools for this purpose; or the mouldings may be coated at once with two thick whites laid on one upon the other without waiting for the first to dry, and worked into the intricate portions by the aid of hard stones of suitable shape and by the opening tools. The priming, which is now to of an inch thick, is carefully trimmed around the edges and smoothed with pumice stone, and finally with shave grass or glass paper. This is the foundation for the so called gold size-the bed upon which the gold leaf is to be laid-a composition of clay, red chalk, plumbago, suet, and bullock's blood; or, as used by the French, of a pound of Armenian bole to two ounces of red hematite (bloodstone) and as much galena, each ground by itself in water, then mixed and ground with a spoonful of olive oil, and at last tempered with a clear white glue carefully prepared from sheep skins. The former mixture is sold to the gilders. It is of thinner consistency than butter, and when used is first melted with thin size, and then while warm is laid on with a brush. The work is now ready for the gold leaf. The gilder, with a leathern cushion attached to the left hand, on which the leaves are to be spread, and, between the fingers of the same, a knife, camel's hair pencil, and a sort of brush called a tip, by which the gold leaves are to be taken up, opens the book which contains the leaves, and by his breath blows them one by one upon the cushion. With the knife, assisted by the breath, he arranges one leaf, and cuts it into the size he requires for fitting any part of the moulding. He then raises it by touching to it the hairs of the tip, and transfers the slip to the part of the work which has been moistened to receive it, the hollow parts receiving the first applications. If the gold does not adhere to the tip, this is rubbed across the cheek or the palm, when the hairs acquire their proper action. Strip after

strip is laid on with great nicety, each overlapping the preceding one about of an inch, and each carefully pressed down with a camel's hair brush. When the whole is covered and dried, the work is burnished with smooth agates or flints set in handles for this use. The yielding nature of the bed upon which the gold leaf is laid prevents this from being injured in the process. Portions of the work not intended to be polished are passed over without burnishing, and are afterward washed with thin clear size, and when dry are wiped with cotton wool. Any defects in the work are now repaired with more gold leaf, and the article is ready to be returned to the maker to be made up, after which it may again come into the gilder's hands to be retouched in places.-Oil gilding is practised by several different methods; for large objects, especially those exposed to the weather and of metallic composition, the priming used in Paris is white lead mixed with linseed oil and a little oil of turpentine. For equipages and indoor work a varnish polish is much used over the gold. For elaborately designed frames oil gilding and burnish gilding are often employed upon the same piece, care being taken that the applications for the former do not touch the spots intended to be burnished, which are treated in the manner already described. The frames intended for this process are furnished to the gilder made up. They are then thoroughly washed, and afterward receive 2 or 3 coatings of thin white, and more upon the parts to be burnished. A strong size called clear cole is then laid in several coats over those parts only intended for oil gilding, and upon this the oil gold size, a mixture of boiled linseed oil and ochre. By standing over night this becomes ready for the gilding, which is effected without using water. The gold leaf is pressed with cotton wool into all the depressed portions, and when all is laid the work is smoothed over with a brush, by which its irregularities are removed, and the gold is uniformly distributed. Old work is regilded by washing off the old gold and a portion of the gold size, and renewing this as in new work. But oil gilding which cannot be thus removed is well scoured, when it is ready for renewal.-Book covers are ornamented with gilt letters and figures in the following manner. If of cloth, the leaf is laid on over the parts to be ornamented, and the cover is then placed in a press, in which a heated metallic block, having the intended designs cut upon its face, is powerfully pressed against the cover as in printing. The heat of the block causes the glue on the back side of the cloth to melt and come through, and thus fasten the figure to the fabric. Leather covers receive an application of gelatine or of the white of egg dissolved in water, upon which when dry an almost imperceptible application of oil is made with a rag, and the gold leaf is then laid to be pressed as in the case of the cloth. The edges of the leaves are gilded in the bookbinder's press, the same gelatine solution and oil being applied, upon

which the gold leaf is laid and afterward burnished. Chemical gilding is particularly applicable to metallic surfaces, but other surfaces, as of wood, leather, or paper, may be coated with some preparation by which they are rendered fit for it.-Wash or water gilding is the branch of this art in which the gold is applied by means of an amalgam of gold and mercury. In other processes it is deposited from its solution. Copper, or an alloy of copper with a little zinc, or zinc and nickel, or brass, is well suited for the amalgamation process; the nearer the color is to that of gold the better. The surface to be gilded must first be thoroughly cleaned and brightened and freed from oil; and it is then advisable to wash it over with a solution made of 100 parts by weight of mercury in 110 of nitric acid, of specific gravity 1.33, diluted with 25 times the weight of the whole of pure water. This application leaves a coating of mercury upon the metal, which is more ready to take the amalgam than is the metal itself. Both the mercurial solution and amalgam are sometimes applied together by means of the gilder's scratch brush, which is dipped into the former and immediately rubbed over the latter, and then applied to the metal-the process being repeated as often as necessary. After the application the article is washed in water and exposed to glowing charcoal to expel the mercury. The amalgam is prepared by heating small particles of gold to redness and throwing them into a quantity of mercury heated so as to emit fumes, and stirring with an iron rod till the gold is dissolved. There should be about 8 times as much mercury as gold, and the excess of the former is removed by squeezing the amalgam when cold through buckskin. The composition then contains about 57 parts of mercury to 33 of gold. In driving off the mercury, too high or too sudden an application of heat is to be guarded against, and care should be taken to turn the article frequently, that all parts may be exposed alike. While the process goes on the amalgam may be reapplied with a longhaired brush wherever it is needed, the article being taken from the fire for the purpose and immediately returned. The gold thus deposited is of a dull yellow, and still retains some mercury, even though the heat to which the article was exposed caused a drop of water to hiss upon its surface. This excess is removed after washing and scrubbing the article with a scratch brush acidulated with vinegar, by applying the so called gilding wax, and again heating. The wax is a mixture of beeswax with some of the following substances, viz.: red ochre, verdigris, copper scales, alum, vitriol, borax. When the wax is burned off, the color of the gilding is found to be improved, and this is still further heightened by burnishing. The color is also improved by covering the gilt surface with a composition of common salt, nitre, and alum, ground together and made into a paste with water, or dissolved in the water of crystallization of the alum. The metal is then exposed

to heat sufficient to thoroughly melt this composition, which runs over its surface. The piece is then taken from the fire and suddenly plunged into cold water, which causes the saline crust to fall off. It is finally washed with dilute nitric acid, and then with water, and dried. The amalgamation process is not well adapted for gilding articles of iron and steel, an oxide of iron being produced by the acid applications, which prevents the adhesion of the amalgam. For these the best method is to cover them with gold leaf. Copper may be treated in the same way. The metal is heated till it begins to assume a blue color; a sheet of gold leaf is then laid on and gently pressed with a burnisher, and the article is again heated. Other sheets are laid over the first to the desired thickness and heated, and the last is burnished down cold. The surface of iron, whether wrought or cast, or of steel, is sometimes covered with a coat of copper; but the following method of preparing such surfaces for fire gilding is given in Poggendorf's Annalen for 1846, by R. Boettger. The iron or steel is introduced into a mixture of 12 parts of mercury, 1 part of zinc, 2 of sulphate of iron, 12 of water, and 13 of hydrochloric acid of specific gravity 1.2, which is then heated to ebullition. The object is soon coated with a film of mercury, upon which the amalgam of gold may be applied in the usual way. By a strong heat the mercury is driven off, together with any zinc that may have attached itself to the iron.-To gild silver, a very good process is that called cold gilding. Sixty grains of fine gold and 12 of rose copper are dissolved in 2 ounces of aqua regia. The whole of the "solution is absorbed by linen rags, which are then dried and burned to ashes. The black powder thus obtained is applied upon the silver, which has been annealed and polished, and is rubbed in with a piece of moistened cork or wash leather. Burnishing completes the process.-A method of gilding buttons and other articles by immersing them in solutions of gold was introduced into the establishment of the Messrs. Elkington, in Birmingham, in 1836, by which the injurious effects of the amalgamating process on the health of the workmen were avoided. To a solution of chloride of gold prepared from one part of gold, 30 parts of bicarbonate of potassa are gradually added, and then 30 parts more of bicarbonate dissolved in 200 parts of water. The whole is then boiled 2 hours, and the color of the liquid changes from yellow to green. The articles, being perfectly well cleaned and annealed, are immersed for an instant in a mixture of equal parts of nitric and sulphuric acids, to which, if the gold is intended to have a dead appearance, a little chloride of sodium is added. The articles, washed in water, are plunged in the gold solution, and left half a minute, when they are removed, again washed, and dried in hot sawdust. Articles of German silver, of platinum, or silver, may be gilded by suspending them by copper or zinc wires for a time in the liquid.-For gilding porcelain or

glass, gold precipitated by sulphate of iron is mixed with its weight of oxide of bismuth and a small quantity of borax and gum water, and the mixture is then applied with a camel's hair pencil. The article is heated in a muffle, and when taken out the gold is burnished, and finally cleansed with vinegar or white lead. Vases and articles not exposed to wear may be giled by fixing gold leaf upon them with copal varnish. For the most perfect method of gilding, and one which has almost entirely taken the place of the amalgamation process, see ELECTRO-METALLURGY. For the process of gilding the backs of books, see BOOKBINDING. GILEAD (Heb. gal, mound or heap, ed, witness, Gen. xxxi.), the name of a mountain group in the eastern division of ancient Palestine or Peræa, extending with various branches nearly over the whole of it. From it the southern districts of the same division were also called Gilead, which is often mentioned in contradistinction to Bashan in the north, but exceptionally also as including the latter region. The cities Ramoth and Jabesh are generally defined by the addition of Gilead as the region in which they were situated. This was rich in pastures, and renowned for its aromatic simples, from which balsam was prepared. Among its rivers were the Jabbok and the Arnon.

GILES. I. AS. W. co. of Va., intersected by Kanawha or New river; area, about 550 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 6,570, of whom 657 were slaves, since which time the county has been divided and Craig co. formed out of its N. E. part. Its surface is high and rugged, its mean elevation being 1,600 feet above the ocean; the principal summits are Peter's and Walker's mountains. The soil of the uplands is poor, but the valleys and river bottoms are very fertile. The productions in 1850 were 204,720 bushels of Indian corn, 38,565 of wheat, 68,494 of oats, 1,960 tons of hay, 83,120 lbs. of butter, and 23,591 of wool. There were 17 churches, and 820 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate in 1856, $1,179,716. Named in honor of William B. Giles, governor of Virginia in 1828. Capital, Parisburg. II. A S. co. of Tenn., bordering on Ala., watered by Elk river and some of its branches; area, 600 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 25,949, of whom 9,358 were slaves. It has a slightly uneven surface, and a fertile, well-tilled soil. The productions in 1850 were 1,857,647 bushels of Indian corn, 31,537 of wheat, 185,804 of oats, 10,301 bales of cotton, 322,487 lbs. of butter (the greatest quantity made in any county of the state), and 10,693 of tobacco. There were 36 corn and flour mills, 16 saw mills, 2 tanneries, 1 newspaper, 54 churches, and 1,123 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Pulaski. GILES, HENRY, an American clergyman and author, born in Craan-ford, co. of Wexford, Ireland, Nov. 1, 1809. His public education was received at the royal academical institution of Belfast. Educated in the Roman Catholic church, after various changes of opinion he joined the Unitarian body, and officiated as

pastor in Greenock for 2 years, and in Liverpool for 3 years. In 1840 Mr. Giles came to America, where he has been extensively engaged in lecturing, with occasional services in different parishes as a preacher. He has written much for the public press both in Europe and this country; and he delivered 4 of the 13 lectures in the celebrated Liverpool controversy between the Episcopalians and the Unitarians in 1839. His published works are: "Lectures and Essays" (2 vols., Boston, 1845); "Christian Thoughts on Life” (1850); and "Illustrations of Genius in some of its applications to Society and Culture" (1854). As a lecturer and orator, he has spoken to large audiences in the principal cities of the Union for successive winters; has addressed many literary societies and library associations, and given one course of lectures before the Lowell institute in Boston, on the "Genius and Writings of Shakespeare." He has resided with his family for several years in Bucksport, Maine.

GILES, WILLIAM BRANCH, an American statesman, born in Amelia co., Va., Aug. 12, 1762, died at "The Wigwam," in the same county, Dec. 4, 1830. He was educated partly at Hampden Sidney and partly at Princeton college, N. J., though he was not graduated, as he quitted Princeton before completing the usual course. He studied law at Williamsburg, Va., with Chancellor Wythe, was admitted to the bar, and practised for 5 or 6 years with a high reputation as an advocate. He, however, did not like the profession, and abandoned it in 1790 to engage in politics. He was elected by the federal party in the Petersburg district to fill a vacancy in congress occasioned by the death of Col. Bland, and took his seat in Dec. 1790. In Jan. 1791, he opposed the bill for creating a bank of the United States, on the ground that it was little better than a scheme for enriching the bankers at the expense of the public. His course on this question led to his estrangement from the federal party, and to his affiliation with the democrats. On Jan. 23, 1793, he made in the house an attack upon Alexander Hamilton, then secretary of the treasury, charging him with corruption and peculation, and alleging that he had failed to account for $1,500,000 of the public money. Hamilton vindicated himself triumphantly in a report dated Feb. 4. Giles replied, Feb. 28, by proposing resolutions censuring the secretary for undue assumption of power, and for want of respect for the house. These resolutions were laid on the table by very large majorities; the mildest of them got only 15 votes. In 1796 Giles strongly opposed the creation of a navy and the ratification of Mr. Jay's treaty with Great Britain, and in 1798 the proposed war with France for her outrages on American commerce. In 1798 he declined a seat in congress in order to become a member of the legislature of Virginia, where he cooperated with Madison in procuring the passage of the celebrated resolutions of '98. In 1801 he was again elected to congress. His

career in the house terminated in 1802. He was from the beginning of his service as a member always among the foremost in debate, for success in which he possessed extraordinary qualifications. In Aug. 1804, he was chosen Ü. S. senator, and continued in that office till 1815. He took at once the position of democratic leader in the senate, and held it till 1811, when he openly manifested his opposition to the administration of President Madison. He abandoned public life in 1815 to attend to his private affairs, and remained in retirement till 1826, when he was induced to become a member of the legislature of Virginia, partly from hostility to the administration of John Quincy Adams, and partly from his strong opposition to the project of calling a convention to revise the constitution of Virginia. He made a powerful speech against this project, in Jan. 1827, which defeated it for a time. In the same year he was elected governor of the state, and held the office for 3 years. The bill for calling a convention was revived and passed at the session of 1827-'8, and Mr. Giles while governor was chosen a member of it. The convention sat in 1829-'30, and he took a distinguished part in its deliberations. Mr. Giles published in 1813 "Political Letters to the People of Virginia," and subsequently various letters on political topics.

GILFILLAN, GEORGE, & Scottish clergyman and author, born at Comrie, Perthshire, in 1813. The son of a minister of the Secession church, he was educated for the same profession, and has officiated since 1836 as minister of the School wynd congregation at Dundee. His first literary sketches appeared about 1842 in the "Dumfries Herald," and were published in 1845 under the title of a "Gallery of Literary Portraits" (2d ed. 1851). A 2d series appeared in 1849 (2d ed. 1852), and a 3d series in 1855. A new edition of the 1st and 2d series was published in 1854. One of his most successful works was the "Bards of the Bible" (1850; 4th ed. 1856). He has since published "The Book of British Poesy, Ancient and Modern" (1851); "The Martyrs, Heroes, and Bards of the Scottish Covenant" (1852; 2d ed. 1854); "The Grand Discovery" (1854; 2d ed. 1856); "History of a Man" (1856); and "Christianity and our Era" (1857). He has also written a "Discourse on Hades," ""Five Discourses on the Abuse of Talent," and a little volume of poems and songs. He is an active contributor to the periodical press, has published an edition of W. C. Bryant's poems, with notes and an introductory essay, and has been connected with various other literary enterprises either as author or editor. Since 1853 he has been engaged in preparing a library edition of English poets with biographical and critical notes.

GILL, a measure of capacity, containing the fourth part of a pint, or 8.665 cubic inches. In London it is commonly called a quartern.

GILL, JOHN, an English divine and rabbinical scholar, born in Kettering, Northamptonshire, Nov. 23, 1697, died in London, Oct. 14, 1771.

He began to preach at an early age, and in 1719 went to London as pastor of a Baptist church at Horsleydown, Southwark, which in 1757 removed to Carter lane, near London bridge, where he continued till his death. He wrote voluminously on doctrinal subjects. His most important work is the "Exposition of the Old and New Testaments" (9 vols., London, 1743'63), which is especially valuable for its illustrations derived from rabbinical literature. He also wrote a "Treatise on the Doctrine of the Trinity" (1731); the "Cause of God and Truth” (1735-'8), a defence of Calvinism against Arminianism; and a "Dissertation concerning the Antiquities of the Hebrew Language, Letters, Vowel Points, and Accents" (1767).

GILLESPIE, a central co. of Texas; area, 1,980 sq. m.; pop. in 1857, 2,800, of whom 102 were slaves. It has a hilly surface, about part of which is suitable for farming, while the remainder furnishes good pasturage. Iron ore, limestone, and coal are the most important minerals. The staples are cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, and Indian corn, and the productions in 1850 were 15,240 bushels of Indian corn, and 4,880 lbs. of butter. In 1857 the county contained 1,073 horses, and 16,160 head of cattle, 3 saw and grist mills, 4 or 5 churches, and 250 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate, $234,200. Capital, Fredericsburg.

GILLESPIE, WILLIAM MITCHELL, LL.D., an American author, professor of civil engineering in Union college, at Schenectady, N. Y., born in New York in 1816. He was graduated at Columbia college in 1834, published in 1845 an entertaining volume entitled "Rome as seen by a New Yorker in 1848-4," and was called in the same year to the professorship in Union college which he still holds. His work entitled "Roads and Railroads, a Manual for Roadmaking" (New York, 1845; 7th ed. 1854), is one of the best treatises on the subject. In 1857 he published the "Philosophy of Mathematics," from the French of Auguste Comte, and in 1855 (6th ed. 1858) a highly esteemed work on the "Principles and Practice of Land Surveying."

GILLIES, JOHN, LL.D., a Scottish historian, born in Brechin, Forfarshire, Jan. 18, 1747, died in Clapham, near London, Feb. 15, 1836. He was educated at the university of Glasgow, where he officiated for a time as professor of Greek. After a short visit to London and the continent, he was appointed tutor in Lord Hopetoun's family, and was rewarded with a pension for life. In 1778 he published a translation of the "Orations of Lysias and Isocrates." In 1786 he published in London his "History of Ancient Greece." In 1793, on the death of Dr. Robertson, he was made historiographer royal for Scotland, which brought him a salary of £200 a year. His principal work, beside those above named, is the "History of the Ancient World from Álexander to Augustus" (London, 1807), which was afterward republished as the second part of his "History of Greece."

GILLIFLOWER, the trivial name of a beautiful and fragrant garden plant (Mathiola incana, R. Brown), belonging to the cruciferæ, an order comprising many delicate and ornamental species, as well as many useful vegetables, such as the cabbage, radish, mustard, &c. The gilliflower was found on the cliffs east of Hastings, Sussex, England, by Messrs. Borrer and Turner, in 1808, growing in such situations as to preclude the idea that they were other than natural habitats. The gilliflower is strictly a biennial plant, blossoming in the second year, but by care it has been made to survive for several, so much so as to acquire the name of perennial among florists, instances being known of its blossoming until the 6th year from seed. Several distinct varieties have been obtained by cultivation, such as the double or multiplex petalled, with the same colored flowers as the original species, also the scarlet with double flowers, commonly called the Brompton, and the double white branching. Many sub-varieties beside are now known under the names of Brompton and queen stocks, comprising a great variety of beautiful colors, of which the scarlet, the white, and the purple are most esteemed. The successful raising of these requires some care, especially as a profusion of flowers is desirable; in the greenhouse or parlor they are very attractive in the spring months. The most common way to raise them is from seed, although cuttings will root with care; such plants, however, will always prove dwarfish and stinted. The seeds are to be sown in June in drills 8 or 10 inches apart; the soil should be fine, rich, and light, and the seeds should be covered about inch deep. After they are up they should be thinned out occasionally, leaving the young plants about 4 inches apart; they should be kept clean from weeds, and a rapid growth promoted by frequent waterings. Early in July they should be transplanted into small pots, a single plant to a pot, using for soil a good rich sandy loam, and watering them well. Set them aside in a shady place for a week or 10 days, and afterward remove them to a summer aspect, where they may stand till August, when they will need shifting to a pot one size larger. On approach of frost they are to be taken into the greenhouse or sitting room; or if a considerable number are needed for successive blossomings, they can be wintered in well protected frames, or kept in light dry cellars. If repotted toward February for the greenhouse, they will soon come into flower and make a fine show; what remain can be turned out into the open flower border in May, to bloom in June and July. If only a few pots are needed, the process can be modified. After blooming, the old plants can be cut in or headed back, cutting down to a strong leaf, and new blossoms will soon appear. This is advisable sometimes when the seedling plant proves to be a fine sort. Although none but single flowers, or those at least with a few petals, produce any seeds, yet such is the tendency to depart from the normal number of petals, that a large proportion of the plants

have very multiplex blossoms. Doubtless the long cultivation of the species in highly exciting soils has produced this tendency, from which nature is slow to depart. The 10 weeks stock gilliflower (M. annua) does not require so much care to bring it to perfection; it is very easily grown, and masses of it planted out in the open border will fill the air with delicious perfume, while they add greatly to the beauty of the garden. The varieties of this gilliflower are almost immense, including what are termed the Russian or close-flowering and the German, which have all hues and tints. These latter are due to the care and patience of the laboring classes in Germany, who bestow great pains upon the rearing of these favorite plants. All the 10 weeks stocks are of less robust habit, are less branching, and are very compact both in foliage and flower; hence their dwarfer style fits them for planting in beds, borders, or masses, at the taste of the florist or gardener. The seeds are to be sown at different periods, if plants are wanted to blossom successively; and 3 or 4 sowings are sufficient from February to August. Of course the two first will be sown in the frame or in the greenhouse; the latter can be sown in shallow boxes or in the open ground. When to be transplanted for indoor flowering, very small pots should be used, as these will answer quite as well and occupy less space. On being required to blossom, they are to be transferred to pots of larger size in soil of three quarters light loam and one quarter well decomposed manure. Though an annual, and coming into blossom usually in a few weeks, whence their name, yet instances are known of their prolonged vitality by a process of shortening in the shoots after the first blooming. The foliage of the gilliflower is usually covered with a soft down or pubescence; but kinds exist where no such pubescence, is found; such are called wall-flower leaved, and are much esteemed. A species in the south of Europe (M. tristis) has a very downy aspect in its leaves and stems; its flowers have a sombre hue, are of a dull brown color, not attractive, but on close inspection the petals will be found to have beautiful veinings upon their surfaces. These blossoms are scentless during the day, but redolent with grateful odor on approach of the night. Of this character is M. odoratissima (Persian gilliflower) and M. livida, from whose dull-colored flowers those singularly hued 10 weeks stocks known as the chamois, cinnamon, clay-yellow, peach blossom, and the like, it is conjectured, have been at some time procured by hybridizing or by similar processes.

GILLRAY, JAMES, an English engraver and caricaturist, born in Chelsea in 1757, died in London, June 1, 1815. He was the son of a Chelsea pensioner, became a student in the royal academy, and about 1784 became known as a successful engraver. Between 1779 and 1811 he published 1,200 caricatures, many of which were etched at once upon the copper without the assistance of drawings. The royal family and prominent cabinet ministers and politicians of the