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of 1830 made Ghent, with Flanders, a part of the new kingdom of Belgium.-Ghent is associated with American history by the treaty concluded there, Dec. 24, 1814, which terminated the war between Great Britain and the United States. The British commissioners for negotiating it, Lord Gambier, Messrs. Henry Gouldburn and William Adams, arrived in Ghent in Aug. 1814, where they found the American commissioners, Messrs. Adams, Gallatin, Bayard, Clay, and Russell, already assembled. The treaty, as signed, provided for the mutual restoration of all conquered territory, and for the mutual appointment of commissioners to examine and report to their respective governments on certain disputed boundary questions. Hostilities on land were to terminate with the ratification of the treaty, and on the ocean in certain specified periods, according to distance, of which the longest was 4 months.

GHERARDI DEL TESTA, TOMMASO, count, an Italian dramatist, born near Pisa in 1818, was graduated in 1826 as a doctor in law at the university of Pisa, and began to practise his profession in 1831. Subsequently he devoted himself to literature; and his first comedy, Una folla ambizione, was favorably received in Florence in 1845. He has since produced over 40 plays, the most celebrated of which are Le scimie and Le due sorelle. Among his most recent plays is Gustavo III., performed in Turin in the latter part of 1855. He has also written poems, the best of which is Il Creatore ed il suo mondo. He fought for the liberty of his country in 1848, fell into the hands of the Austrians (May 24), and was held in prison in Bohemia until the capitulation of Milan (Aug. 6).

GHERIAH, or VIZIADROOG, a town and fort of the Bombay presidency, British India, in the collectorate of Rutnagherry, S. Concan, 170 m. S. of Bombay. It has a safe harbor at the mouth of the river Kunvee, unobstructed by a bar and with a depth of 3 or 4 fathoms. The fort, built by the Mahratta chief Sevajee in 1622, stands on a bold promontory on the coast of the Indian ocean. It received the name of Gheriah from the Mohammedans, while by the Mahrattas it was commonly known as Viziadroog. During the maritime contests of the latter people with the Mogul emperors in the 17th century, one of their chieftains named Conajee Angria, who from a low station had risen to be admiral of the fleet and governor of the fortress of Severndroog, revolted against the Mahrattas with part of the fleet, and made himself master of the coast from Tanna to Rajapoor. Under this adventurer and his successors, who all bore the family name of Angria, Gheriah became the centre of a vast system of piracy, which swept the adjacent seas for upward of 50 years. Several attempts were made to disperse the corsairs. The Portuguese and English attacked them in 1722; the Dutch made a fruitless demonstration against Gheriah in 1724. In March, 1755, a British fleet under Commodore James, followed by

some Mahratta vessels, attacked Angria's fleet at Severndroog. The pirates escaped by fast sailing, but the town was bombarded and partly burned, the Mahrattas, who were only anxious for plunder, keeping beyond cannon shot till all was over. Toward the end of the same year reënforcements arrived from England, and the reduction of Gheriah was at once determined upon. On Feb. 11, 1756, Admiral Watson with 8 ships, a grab, and 5 bomb ketches, having on board 800 Europeans and 1,000 sepoys commanded by Col. Clive, arrived off the promontory, while a Mahratta army approached on the land side. The pirate fleet was soon burned; a furious bombardment silenced the guns from the fort; the troops were landed, and on the 13th, after a feeble resistance, the place was taken. It was given up to the peishwa under a treaty concluded with the Mahrattas the same year, and passed into the hands of the East India company in 1818.

GHIBELLINES. See GUELPHS AND GHI

BELLINES.

GHIBERTI, LORENZO, an Italian sculptor and painter, born in Florence in 1378, died there about 1455. The son of a goldsmith, he early learned to imitate ancient medals, and began to exercise himself in painting. The seignory and merchants of Florence determined in 1401 to procure for the baptistery of San Giovanni a bronze folding door to correspond with that already made by Andrea Pisano. A competition was opened, and 7 illustrious sculptors, of whom Ghiberti was one, contended for the prize, each of them to execute as a specimen of his talent a bass-relief of the "Sacrifice of Isaac." Ghiberti was proclaimed victor, even by his most eminent rivals, Donatello and Brunelleschi. Intrusted, therefore, with this immense labor, he devoted 21 years to its accomplishment, dividing each half of the door into 10 panels, each of which contains a bass-relief representing a subject taken from the New Testament. In 1424 this door was placed in one of the side entrances of the baptistery, and its success led to his being commissioned to execute another. This was commenced in 1428, was divided into 10 panels filled with subjects from the Old Testament, occupied him nearly as long as the other, and was superior to it, being declared by Michel Angelo worthy to be the gate of paradise. During the 40 years that he was engaged upon these doors he executed other works in bronze, among which was a statue of Saint John the Baptist, 2 bass-reliefs for the cathedral of Sienna, a "Saint Matthew" and "Saint Stephen," and the reliquary_of Saint Zanobius surmounted by 6 angels. The last, with the "Saint Matthew," and the second door of San Giovanni, are the masterpieces of modelling in the 15th century, and the door is perhaps still unrivalled. As an architect, Ghiberti was associated with Brunelleschi in constructing the cupola of Santa Maria del Fiore. He excelled in painting upon glass, and in the goldsmith's art. He also left a treatise

on sculpture, a part of which has been published by Cicognara; a treatise on proportions, yet unpublished; and a treatise on Italian art, first published in 1841.

GHIKA, HELENA, princess, a Wallachian authoress, better known under the nom de plume of Dora d'Istria, born in Bucharest, Jan. 22, 1829. She received a brilliant education, travelled extensively in Europe, translated the Iliad into German at the age of 15, and married the Russian prince Koltzoff-Massalski, whom she accompanied to the court of St. Petersburg. She has written largely for a liberal Turin journal, Il diritto, and for an Athenian journal, Le spectateur d'Orient. Her principal works are: La vie monastique dans l'église orientale (Paris and Geneva, 1855; 2d and enlarged ed., Paris, 1858); La Suisse Allemande et l'ascension du Mönch (4 vols., 1856; translated, 2 vols., Lond., 1858); La nationalité Roumaine (Revue des deux mondes, 1858 and 1859). Her latest work is La Suisse Italienne. She has also published in Italian Gli eroi della Rumenia and I Rumeni ed il papato.

GHILAN, or JEELAN, a province of Persia, bounded N. by Russia, N. E. by the Caspian sea, E. by the province of Mazanderan, S. by IrakAjemi, and W. by Azerbijan; pop. estimated at about 300,000 prior to the plague in 1831, by which more than half the inhabitants are said to have perished. It is 170 m. in length, and 50 m. in breadth. The country near the Caspian is for the most part level and swampy, but the interior has lofty mountains crowned with magnificent forests. The climate is moist and unhealthy. The principal productions are silk, rice, and corn. The annual value of silk produce is about $3,000,000; the fisheries of sturgeon and other fish are extensive, the former in the hands of the Russians. There are few towns, the inhabitants mostly dwelling in single houses, or small hamlets. Capital, Reshd.

GHIRLANDAIO (otherwise called CORRADI, or BIGHORDI), DOMENICO DEL, an Italian painter, the master of Michel Angelo, born in Florence in 1451, died there in 1495. His father was a goldsmith, called Ghirlandaio from the silver ornaments in the shape of garlands which he manufactured; and the son, who was brought up to the same calling, inherited the name. Domenico early manifested an extraordinary aptitude for portraiture, and after studying under Alessio Baldovinetti, went to Rome to assist in the decoration of the Sistine chapel. Of the pictures executed by him there but one now exists, the "Calling of St. Peter and St. Andrew." Upon returning to Florence he painted a chapel of the Vespucci family in the church of Ognissanti, in one of the compartments of which he introduced a portrait of the navigator, Amerigo Vespucci. Of greater excellence was his series of frescoes in the Sassetti chapel in S. Trinita representing the life of St. Francis. The picture of the death of the saint is particularly impressive. In these works, as in the frescoes in the choir of Sta. Maria Novella

depicting the lives of John the Baptist and the Virgin, he gratified his love of portrait painting by introducing likenesses of many eminent Florentines of the period; "the portrait," according to Kugler, "in the largest signification of the word, being the prominent characteristic in his productions." He painted many easel pictures in oil and distemper; but his frescoes, in the coloring of which, as well as in the mechanical and technical parts of his art, he excelled all previous painters, are incomparably his finest works. He is said to have created aërial perspective, and to have perfected the art of mosaic. Two brothers and a son of Ghirlandaio were also painters of some distinction.

GHIZEI, GIZEH, GHEEZEH, GEEZEH, or JIZEH, a town of Egypt, capital of a province of the same name, on the W. bank of the Nile, 3 m. S. W. of Cairo. It was once a great and handsome city, but is now a petty village surrounded by heaps of ruins. About 5 m. from the village stand the 3 great pyramids called those of Cheops, Cephren, and Mycerinus. At Ghizeh are egg-ovens, in which eggs have been hatched by artificial means ever since the days of the Pharaohs. (See PYRAMIDS.)

GHUZNEE, or GHIZNEE, also GHAZNA, a fortified city of Afghanistan, on the river Ghuznee, 80 m. S. S. W. of Cabool; pop. estimated at from 3,000 to 10,000. It is a commercial entrepot between the Punjaub and Cabool. In ancient times it was a magnificent city, filled with palaces, mosques, fountains, reservoirs, and baths. Two lofty minarets, the smaller of which is more than 100 feet high, several tombs, and a quantity of ruins scattered over a wide area 3 m. N. E. of the modern town, are the only relics of its former grandeur. In 976 Abustakeen, governor of Khorasan under the king of Bokhara, revolted against his sultan and established at Ghuznee the seat of an independent empire, including Cabool and Candahar. It was under Mahmoud, the 3d prince of this new dynasty, that Ghuznee acquired historical importance as the centre of the first permanent Mussulman conquests in India. Mahmoud extended his victories from the Tigris to the Ganges, from the Indian ocean to the Oxus. He made no fewer than 12 great military expeditions, breaking idols, plundering temples, and rendering his capital one of the richest cities of Asia. He built a mosque of granite and marble, and lavished upon it ornaments of such magnificence that throughout the East it was known as the "celestial bride." He founded and endowed a university; he patronized literature, and filled his court with poets and philosophers. After his death Ghuznee declined. In 1152 it was taken by the princes of Ghore. In 1839 it was stormed by the British under Sir J. Keane. In 1842 it surrendered to the Afghans, but was retaken by Gen. Sir William Nott, who brought back to India the famous gates of Somnauth, which Mahmoud carried off from Guzerat.

GIANNONE, PIETRO, an Italian historian, born in Ischitella, March 7, 1676, died in Turin,

March 7, 1748. He conceived the idea of writing the history of Naples while listening to the distinguished Neapolitans who frequented the house of the jurisconsult, Argento. This work was completed in 1723, and treats not only of political events, but also of laws and manners. It was received with great favor by the public, and procured him an office and a pension; but its attacks upon the temporal power of the papacy and its censures of the court of Rome drew upon him the hostility of ecclesiastics. Excommunicated and banished, he retired to Vienna, and thence successively to several of the cities in N. Italy, and lived for a time in Geneva. Being treacherously invited to Turin, he was arrested in 1736, by order of the king of Sardinia, and passed the remainder of his life in prison. His posthumous works were first published at Geneva in 1760.

GIANT (Gr. yiyas, probably from yn and yaw, earth-born), a person of extraordinary size. In Greek mythology, a race of giants dwelt, according to Homer, in the distant west, and were destroyed by the gods for their presumption. Hesiod considered giants divine beings, who sprang from the blood of Uranus as it fell on the earth; and by later poets they were represented as enemies of Jupiter, and as vainly attempting to take Olympus by storm. They were usually placed in volcanic districts, and the legends of their contests with the gods may have originated from volcanic convulsions. The wars waged by the giants and by the Titans, though originally distinct, are often confounded.—In Scandinavian mythology the giants or jotuns are scarcely distinguished from the trolls, though originally the trolls were supposed to be more systematically malignant than the giants, who were rather dull than wicked. They all dwelt in wild pine forests, in caves and clefts of rock, amid heaps of gold and silver and all the treasures of the mineral world. They strode through the dark forest by day, whither no rays of the sun could penetrate, and returned at nightfall to feast and sleep. The sight of the sun was fatal to them, and if they once saw it they burst or were transformed to stone. It is probable that the giants living amid the woods and rocks may be a reminiscence of the gradual suppression and extinction of some hostile race, who, retiring into the natural fastnesses of the land, wandered from forest to forest and from fell to fell, till at last they became mythical. A more ancient tradition was that of the frost giants, personifications of natural powers, who dwelt in Utgard beyond the sea which flowed round the earth in a ring, and who had been dispossessed by Odin and the Asen divinities. There was perpetual feud between the gods of Asgard and the giants of frost and snow, similar to that between the race of men and the trolls.-Giants abound in German legends, and figure with dwarfs, fairies, and magicians in the mediaval romances of chivalry. After the discovery of America stories of gigantic races in the new world were not uncommon,

and the Patagonians especially were said to be 8 and even 12 feet in stature. It is now known that most of the men are 6 feet in height. The women also are unusually tall. Buffon admits 15 authenticated cases of gigantic men. One of these is Hans Bar, 11 feet high, whose likeness, drawn in 1550 of full size, remained in the imperial castle at Innspruck. A Hungarian foot soldier of the archduke Ferdinand is mentioned, who attained the same stature, and his likeness remains in the Ambrosian cabinet at Vienna. Of later giants, one of the best known is Bernhard Gili, who was exhibited in France and Germany in 1764, and whose height, which was stated to be 10 feet, was certainly more than 8 feet. Another example of extraordinary stature was Patrick O'Brien (1761-1806), called the Irish giant, who attained the height of 8 feet 7 inches, and for many years exhibited himself in Great Britain, chiefly in London and at the Bartholomew fairs at Smithfield. His hand, from the commencement of the palm to the extremity of the middle finger, measured 12 inches, and his shoe was 17 inches long. Daniel Lambert (17701809) was only 5 feet 11 inches high, but so corpulent that at his death he weighed 739 lbs. Miles Darden of Tennessee (1798-1857) was 7 feet 6 inches high, and weighed at his death oyer 1,000 lbs. In the anatomical room of Trinity college, Dublin, is preserved the skeleton of a youth named Magrath, born near Cloyne in Ireland. He was 7 feet high in his 16th year, but soon after became imbecile, and died as if of old age in his 20th year. The inhabitants of Potsdam, many of whom are descended from the famous regiment of tall grenadiers formed by Frederic William I., are said to be still remarkable for their superior height.

GIANTS' CAUSEWAY, a series of basaltic rocks in the co. of Antrim, on the N. E. coast of Ireland. For the extent of 8 m., between the promontories of Bengore and Fairhead, the land abuts upon the sea in cliffs of basalt, many of which are made up in great part of rude vertical columns which alternate with layers of amorphous beds of the same class of rock. Ranges of these piled upon each other sometimes reach the height of 400 feet, or at Fairhead even 550 feet. As seen from the sea in front of them, the uniformity of the arrangement of vertical columns and horizontal beds suggests rude resemblances to architectural forms. At the base of the cliffs is a talus of ruins that have fallen from the structures above and slope down to the water. But though the name of Giants' Causeway is often applied to all this coast range, it is properly applicable to but a small portion of it-to a locality quite unpretending in its extent or in the grandeur of its features. It is a platform of basalt, composed of closely arranged columns, the greatest height of which is only about 20 feet. This platform extends from a steep cliff down into the sea, till it is lost below low water mark. Its length exposed at low water is differently given, but probably is less than 600 feet. It is

divided across its breadth into 3 portions, which are called the Little Causeway, the Middle, and the Large or Grand Causeway; the first being the first encountered in approaching from the sea. These are separated from each other by dikes of amorphous basalt. The Great Causeway, which is the principal object of interest, is only from 20 to 30 feet wide, though detached outliers of the same columnar structure standing up on the shore near by might be added to increase the width. They no doubt connect with the same group below the surface. The columns are for the most part hexagonal prisms; but they are found also of 5, 7, 8, and 9 sides, and in one instance at least of 3 sides. They are all jointed into short irregular lengths from a few inches to a few feet each, the articulations being perfectly fitted by a convex end entering the concavity of the adjoining piece, so that the blocks form a true column. There is no uniformity in the arrangement of the convexities and concavities, a block sometimes presenting one or the other, or one of each at each end. The diameter is variable, but ranges generally from 15 to 20 inches. The columns fit together with the utmost precision, the corresponding faces of adjacent prisms being always equal, and so continuing from the top of the platform till the lines of separation are lost beneath the ground. It is said that water even cannot penetrate between adjoining columns. The name causeway is given to the group from the circumstance of the columns terminating at a uniform height, and thus presenting a tolerably smooth area gently inclining to the water. This portion is about 100 yards in length, extending from high water mark to within 20 feet of the cliff. The other portions are more uneven, and the columns in them are not uniformly vertical, but slope outward along the sides. The columns of basalt do not retain their articulated character throughout the cliffs. At Fairhead they rise in single pieces, and, as measured by the officers of the ordnance trigonometrical survey of Ireland, some are found to stand 317 feet in height with sides occasionally of 5 feet in breadth. These are flat at their extremities. The formation is intersected by narrow dikes of columnar basalt, in which the prisms are piled horizontally, ranging across the line of the dikes. (For further facts relating to this formation, see BASALT.) In this region it appears to have been protruded after the period of the deposition of the lias and chalk, the strata of these formations being penetrated by its dikes and overlaid by its horizontal beds. The district affords an excellent opportunity for the study of the changes induced upon the sedimentary rocks by contact with those of igneous origin, of which Buckland and Conybeare availed themselves at an early period. Their observations, containing much new and instructive matter, were published in vol. iv. of the "Geological Transactions."

GIAOUR, a term of insult applied by the Turks to all unbelievers in Mohammedanism, and especially to Christians. The sultan Mah

moud II. forbade his subjects to apply it to any European Christian. It is equivalent to the English words "heathen," "pagan," or "infidel." GIBBES, ROBERT WILSON, an American physician and author, born in Charleston, S. C., July 8, 1809. He was graduated at South Carolina college, and having become a physician, removed from Charleston to Columbia, of which city he has twice been mayor. He is now president of the medical association of South Carolina. Among his numerous contributions to medical and scientific publications are articles on "Physic and Physicians" and the "Geology of South Carolina" in the "Southern Quarterly Review," monographs on fossil species in the "Journal of the Academy of Natural Science," and various zoological and palæontological discussions in the collections of the Smithsonian institution and in the "Proceedings" of the American association for the advancement of science. In his paper on "Typhoid Pneumonia" in the "American Journal of Medical Sciences" (1842), he was the first to advocate the use of stimulants instead of the lancet in the treatment of that malady. He has prepared a "Documentary History of the American Revolution, consisting of Letters and Papers Relating to the Contest for Liberty, chiefly in South Carolina" (3 vols., Columbia and New York, 1853 et seq.).

GIBBON, EDWARD, an English historian, born in Putney, Surrey, April 27, 1737, died in London, Jan. 16, 1794. He was the eldest of 7 children, all the rest of whom died in their infancy, and he was so feeble in his youth that many times he seemed likely to share their fate. His aunt, Catharine Porten, took charge of him and watched over him with unceasing care. At the age of seven a domestic tutor, John Kirkby, taught him the elements of Latin. In his 9th year, during "a lucid interval of health," he was sent to the grammar school of Kingston-upon-Thames, where he remained 2 years. His mother having died in 1747, he removed with his father and aunt to Buriton, Hampshire, where he began to read voluminously. In Jan. 1749, Mrs. Porten opened a boarding house for Westminster scholars, and Gibbon enjoyed her care while he attended the school, but, owing to delicate health, learned little. In his 16th year his health improved, a sudden change took place in his constitution, and his mind seemed at the same period to have gained new activity. He now read assiduously, chiefly upon historical subjects; as yet he knew very little Latin or Greek, and preferred translations to the difficult originals. In 1752 he went to Oxford, and arrived "with a stock of erudition which might have puzzled a doctor, and a degree of ignorance of which a school boy might have been ashamed." Neglected by his tutor, he gave himself to general reading. He was then fond of oriental research, and bought the Bibliothèque orientale of D'Herbelot with his spare money. He began his history of the "Age of Sesostris," which he at first hoped to print, but finally burned. He was also busy with religious controversy, and having read

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Bossuet's "Variations of Protestantism" and Exposition of Catholic Doctrine," as well as other controversial writings, became a Roman Catholic, and resolved to proclaim his conversion openly. He went from Oxford to London, and there, before a Catholic priest, abjured Protestantism, and was reconciled to the church. Next he wrote a long controversial letter to his father, informing him of his conversion. The father revealed the secret, and Gibbon was expelled from Oxford, after a residence there of 14 months. He was now consigned to Switzerland in a kind of exile, and placed under the care of M. Pavillard, a Calvinistic minister at Lausanne, who it was hoped would reconvert him. He lived in a plain manner in M. Pavillard's house, and at first lamented the loss of English luxury. But soon his passion for study revived; he read systematically the Latin, Greek, and French classics, Crousaz, Locke, and Grotius, and was especially delighted with the "Provincial Letters" of Pascal, from which he learned "to manage the weapon of grave and temperate irony, even on subjects of ecclesiastical solemnity." During the 5 years of his exile he made the French language more familiar to him than the English. He returned to Protestantism on Christmas, 1754, 18 months after his conversion to Catholicism, and from that time he cared little for theological distinctions. At Lausanne he formed an attachment for an accomplished Swiss young lady, Mlle. Susanne Carchod. His father, however, disapproved of the connection, and Gibbon philosophically resigned the object of his love, who afterward became the wife of the banker Necker. "I sighed," he says, as a lover, but obeyed as a son." It is not a little remarkable that they remained ever after friends. In the summer of 1758 his father permitted him to return to England. He was received by his stepmother with a kindness which he was glad to return, and passed 2 years chiefly in study at the family seat, Buriton, and accomplished a course of classical reading equalled by few of his contemporaries. On a visit of several months to London he passed most of his time as a literary recluse, but became intimate with David Mallet, by whose counsel he made an assiduous study of the most esteemed English authors, as Addison, Swift, Robertson, and Hume. He next joined with his father the Hampshire militia, and for 24 years studied practically the military art. Even in the camp he found time for books, and meditated a number of great literary projects, among which was a history of the crusade of Richard Cœur de Lion, of the wars of the barons, of the expedition of Charles VIII. into Italy, and lives of Edward the Black Prince, Sir Philip Sidney, and Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1761 he published a brief work, his Essai sur l'étude de la littérature, which he had commenced at Lausanne, designed to defend classical studies against the attacks of the French philosophers. The essay was written in French, and was commended by foreign critics, though scarcely no

ticed in England. He travelled in 1763, and on his way to Lausanne spent 3 months at Paris. His essay had given him some renown, and he frequently met D'Alembert, Diderot, Baron d'Holbach, and the other philosophers, with whose society he was so much pleased that he says: "Had I been rich and independent I should have prolonged, and perhaps have fixed my abode at Paris." After remaining at Lausanne nearly a year, he passed in 1764 into Italy. As he approached Rome, he occupied his mind with its antiquities and topography. He read Nardini, Donati, Cluverius; he filled his commonplace books with copious extracts, and stored his memory with abundant learning before he ventured to cross the forum or ascend the Capitoline hill. With emotions almost uncontrollable he entered the sacred city, and a sleepless night preceded his first walks to survey its relics of classical antiquity. In them he found a theme worthy of his literary ambition and historic genius. "It was at Rome," he writes, "on the 15th of Oct. 1764, as I sat musing amid the ruins of the capitol, while barefooted friars were singing vespers in the temple of Jupiter, that the idea of writing the decline and fall of the city first started to my mind. But my original plan was circumscribed to the decay of the city, rather than of the empire; and though my reading and reflections began to point toward that object, some years elapsed, and several avocations intervened, before I was seriously engaged in the execution of that laborious task." He went south to Naples, returned to Paris, and reached his father's house in June, 1765. At Lausanne in his earlier visits he had formed an intimacy with M. Deyverdun, a young Swiss of fine scholarship, who now visited him yearly at Buriton. With his aid Gibbon began writing a history of the liberty of the Swiss. After two years of study and preparation, he submitted the first book, which was written in French, to a literary club of foreigners in London, by whom it was at once condemned, and the work went no further. He next, in connection with Deyverdun, started the Mémoires littéraires de la Grande Bretagne. It was designed to be annual, but 2 volumes only were printed (1767-'8), when Deyverdun went abroad. His next work was an anonymous and acrimonious attack on that portion of Warburton's "Divine Legation of Moses," in which he supposes the 6th book of the Æneid to contain an allegorical account of the initiation of Eneas in the character of a lawgiver into the Eleusinian mysteries. Though Warburton was the ruling critic of the time, Gibbon's "Critical Observations " (1770) were admitted to have overthrown his hypothesis. The subject was one that could have little general interest, but the unknown author was mentioned by Heyne of Göttingen as a doctus et elegantissimus Britannus. His father having died in Nov. 1770, Gibbon settled in London, and with a

considerable, though somewhat embarrassed estate, lived in studious ease, and began to

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