is most strongly expressed in many recent biographies and autobiographies, especially in that of Perthes. A more physiological method in these branches of investigation has been adopted by Riehl in his Naturgeschichte des Volks als Grundlage einer deutschen Socialpolitik (3 vols., 1853-5). A periodical for Deutsche Culturgeschichte was established in 1856 by Müller and Franke in Nuremberg, and a union for the promotion of this science in Weimar in 1857. Nuremberg has also been since 1857 the seat of a new national institution (Germanisches Museum) founded in 1853 for the promotion of researches in ancient German history and archæology, which are likewise calculated to throw more light upon the Culturgeschichte of the people.-The literature of travels was greatly stimulated by Johann Georg Adam Forster, commonly called Georg Forster (1754-'94), who accompanied Cook on his 2d voyage round the world, and who, in Alexander von Humboldt's opinion, inaugurated a new era of scientific voyages. A still more powerful impulse was given by Humboldt himself (1768-1859), by his travels in central Asia, &c., and by his famous journey to the equinoctial regions of America, in which Aimé Bonpland (1773-1858) was his companion. The travels of Lichtenstein (1780-1857) in southern Africa are of great scientific importance. The travels of Prince Maximilian of Wied (born 1782) have furnished valuable additions to the knowledge of the natural history and ethnology of Brazil and the United States. The explorations of Martius (born 1794) in Brazil are important for the studies of botany, ethnology, geography, and statistics. Pöppig (1797) has visited Chili, Peru, and the river Amazon. Among the other explorers of South America are Hermann Burmeister (1807), the historian of the creation, who travelled more particularly in Brazil, and Johann Jakob von Tschudi (1818), a relative of Friedrich von Tschudi, author of Das Thierleben in der Alpenwelt, and an active traveller, especially in Peru. Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk (1804), a German by birth, but employed in the service of the British government, has travelled in British Guiana, Barbados, Hayti, &c. His works were published in German by his brother, Otto Schomburgk (1810-1857). Another brother, Moritz Richard Schomburgk, travelled in British Guiana at the expense of the king of Prussia, and is now in Australia in company with a 4th brother, Julius Schomburgk. The East has been visited by Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert (1780), especially Egypt, Palestine, and Greece, and by Ulrich Jasper Seetzen (1767 to about 1815), whose Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, die Trans-Jordan-Länder, Arabia Peträa, und Unterägypten, were edited by F. Kruse and published in Berlin, 1854-'9. The learned baron Heinrich Menu of Minutoli (17721846) wrote on his travels to Upper Egypt. Rüppell (born 1794) has explored Nubia, Kordofan, Arabia Petræa, and is best known by his travels in Abyssinia. The most eminent

writers on Egypt are Lepsius and Brugsch. Raumer (1781), the great historian, has given graphic descriptions of his travels in Venice, England, Italy, and the United States; and Joseph Russegger (1802) has written comprehensively on his travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Jakob Venedey (1805) has given accounts of England, Ireland, and southern France. Moritz Wagner (1813) has published his travels in Algeria, the Caucasus, Colchis, Persia, and Kurdistan, and, in conjunction with his companion Scherzer, on North America and Costa Rica. An English translation of the travels of Julius Froebel (1806) appeared in 1859 under the title of "Seven Years' Travel in Central America, Northern Mexico, and the Far West of the United States." Hettner (1821) has written sketches of his travels in Greece. Friedrich Gerstäcker (1816) is the author of many entertaining and humorous descriptions of travels, especially in the new world. Another pleasing narrator of his journeys is Theodor Mundt (1808). The most voluminous writer of travels is the tourist Johann Georg Kohl (1808). Ida Pfeiffer (1797-1858) was the most intrepid and indefatigable tourist of this or any century. Germany has also given birth to some of the most celebrated recent explorers of remote parts of the world, as Gützlaff in China, Siebold in Japan, Barth and Vogel in Africa, the brothers Schlagintweit in central Asia, and Leichhardt in Australia. We conclude with a list of eminent men in the principal departments of learning in Germany, which includes many names already mentioned. In the natural sciences: Burmeister, Ule, Johannes Müller, Carus, Rossmässler, Dove, Giebel, Masius, Valentin, Moleschott, Büchner, Vogt, Oken, Burdach, Schleiden, Bernhard Cotta, Nees von Esenbeck, Leopold von Buch, Endlicher, Martius, Naumann, Bischoff, Liebig, Kopp, Poggendorff, Rose, Erdmann, Gmelin, Wöhler, Wackenroder, Gehler, Vogel, Mitscherlich, Schödler, &c. In medicine: Johannes Müller (1801-'58), the great physiologist and comparative anatomist, Burdach, Wagner, Ehrenberg, Hecker, Carus, Blasius, Froriep, Schönlein, Skoda, Dieffenbach, Gräfe, &c. In astronomy and mathematics: Bessel, Encke, Struve, Mädler, Gauss, Lejeune-Dirichlet, &c. In geography, ethnology, statistics, and travels: Karl Ritter, Scherzer, Berghaus, Petermann, Möller, Stein, Streit, Barth, Fallmerayer, Handtke, Löher, Tschudi, Raumer, Dieterici, Hübner, Sydow, &c. In history and biography: Wachsmuth, Heeren, Niebuhr, Wachler, Gfrörer, Pölitz, Schlosser, Rotteck, Leo, Duncker, Karl Adolf Menzel, Lappenberg, Raumer, Ranke, Dahlmann, Gervinus, Preuss, Weber, Mommsen, Prutz, Droysen, Varnhagen von Ense, Pertz, K. W. Bōttiger, Zimmermann, Von Rochau, &c. In the history of literature, philosophy, and aesthetics: Gervinus, Vilmar, Wackernagel, Julian Schmidt, Solger, Bouterwek, Visscher, Schwegler, Ruge, Ferdinand Wolf (Spanish and Portuguese literature), &c. Kuno Fischer (born in Silesia in 1824), since 1856 professor of phi

losophy at Jena, the author of Geschichte der neuern Philosophie (1852-'55), &c., has already acquired a high reputation as a philosophical critic and historian. In the history of the fine arts: Kugler, Schnaase, Lütke, Nagler, Stieglitz, Weigel, Waagen, Passavant, &c. In historical and German philology: Lachmann, Wachsmuth, K. O. Müller, F. A. Wolff, Schaaf, Maurer, Böckh, the brothers Grimm, Heinsius, Heyse, K. F. Becker, Massmann, Moritz Haupt, &c. In classical archæology and philology: Wilhelm von Humboldt, Zumpt, F.A.Wolf, G. Hermann, K. O. Müller, Niebuhr, Bernhardi, Creuzer, Wachler, Con. Schneider, Ernesti, Curtius, Matthiæ, Thiersch, Jacobs, Buttmann, Rost, Passow, Kühner, Ramshorn, Döderlein, Freund, Gerhard, &c. In oriental and Jewish branches: Gesenius, Bopp, Freytag, Jahn, Hitzig, Hupfeld, Ewald, A. F. Hoffmann, Lassen, Von Hammer-Purgstall, Zunz, Jost, Sachs, Frankel, Geiger, Philippson, Hirsch, Grätz, Steinschneider, &c. In political sciences and jurisprudence: Savigny, Stahl, Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, Gans, Hüllmann, Welcker, Schubert, Stein, Bülow, Mohl, Gentz, &c. Jakob Joseph von Görres (1776-1848), author of many important historical, mythological, political, and polemical works, was a celebrated German publicist, and one of the most erudite men of the century. The most eminent of German bibliographers and cyclopædists was Johann Samuel Ersch. Prominent among the many-sided men of the age, and particularly distinguished for his Egyptological and historico-philosophical researches, is Chevalier Bunsen.-The principal learned periodicals are the Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen; Heidelberger Jahrbücher der Literatur; Gelehrte Anzeigen and other academical journals of Munich and Vienna; Anzeiger für Bibliographie und Bibliotheks- Wissenschaft (Dresden, edited by Dr. Julius Petzholdt); Serapeum, Zeitschrift für Bibliotheks- Wissenschaft, Handschriftenkunde und ältere Literatur (Leipsic, edited by Dr. Robert Naumann); Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde; Petermann's Mittheilungen; Poggendorf's Annalen der Physik und Chemie, and Zeitschrift für Physiologie und vergleichende Anatomie (founded under the auspices of Johannes Müller, edited since his death in 1858 by Prof. Peters); Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der reinen, pharmaceutischen und technischen Chemie, Physik, Mineralogie und Geologie (Giessen, edited by Liebig and Kopp, with the cooperation of H. Buff, F. Knapp, H. Will, and F. Zamminer), &c. Among the principal literary periodicals are the Leipziger Repertorium der deutschen und ausländischen Literatur (Leipsic, Dr. Gersdorf); Magazin für die Literatur des Auslandes (Leipsic, Jos. Lehmann); Minerva (edited by Bran); Grenzboten (edited by Julian Schmidt and Gustav Freytag); Deutsches Museum (by Prutz); Cotta's Vierteljahrsschrift and Ausland; Westermann's Monatshefte, &c.-See Wackernagel, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur (Basel, 1851); Gervinus, Geschichte der poeti schen Nationalliteratur der Deutschen (Leipsic,

5th ed. 1852); Eichendorff, Geschichte der poetischen Literatur Deutschlands (Paderborn, 1856); Julian Schmidt, Geschichte der deutschen Nationalliteratur im 19 Jahrhundert (3d ed., Leipsic, 1856); Vilmar, Geschichte der deutschen Nationalliteratur (Marburg, 7th ed. 1857); Kurz, Geschichte der deutschen Literatur bis auf die neueste Zeit (3 vols., 1859, not yet complete).-For German philosophy, see PHILOSOPHY; for German art, see MUSIC, PAINTING, and SCULPTURE. (See also GERMAN THEOLOGY.) GERONA, a maritime province of Spain, in Catalonia, bounded N. by the Pyrénées, E. and S. E. by the Mediterranean, S. and W. by Barcelona; area, about 3,000 sq. m.; pop. 262,600. The surface is chiefly covered with the ramifications of the Pyrénées, but fertile valleys frequently intervene. The inhabitants of the interior are mostly engaged in agriculture and cattle-rearing; those of the coast in ship-building, fishing, and navigation. The principal rivers are the Ter, Flavia, and the Llobregat.-GERONA (anc. Gerunda), a fortified city of Spain, and capital of the above province, stands at the confluence of the Ter and Oña, 52 m. N. E. of Barcelona; pop. 15,000. The chief manufactures are linen and woollen fabrics, soap, earthenware, and hardware. It was captured by Charlemagne, regained by the Moors, and is famous for the sieges it has sustained, among which that by the French under Augereau, in 1809, is remarkable for the immense losses of the besiegers.

GERRY, ELBRIDGE, one of the signers of the declaration of independence, and 5th vice-president of the United States, born in Marblehead, Mass., July 17, 1744, died in Washington, Nov. 13, 1814. He was graduated at Harvard college in 1762, engaged for several years in commerce, and was elected in 1772 representative from Marblehead to the general court or legislature of the state. He at once became a political leader, an associate of Samuel Adams, Hancock, and Warren, and continued from this time almost without intermission in public life. He was placed on the two most important committees, those of safety and supplies, which sat at Cambridge, on the day preceding the battle of Lexington; and as he remained through the night, he narrowly escaped capture by the British troops. The night before the battle of Bunker hill he spent with General Warren. He was soon after appointed judge of the court of admiralty, but declined the office. In Jan. 1776, he was elected a delegate to the continental congress, then in session in Philadelphia, where he was placed on the most important committees, and was generally chairman of the committee of the treasury till the organization of the treasury board in 1780, of which he became presiding officer. He retired from congress in that year, but resumed his seat in 1783, and on his reëlection in the following year was said to have been longer a member of that assembly than any other man. As delegate to the convention which met in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the articles of confederation, he

refused to sign the constitution proposed, but lent it his support as member of congress after it had received the sanction of the people. He served 4 successive years in congress, and in 1795 retired to private life, residing in Cambridge, till in 1797 he was appointed to accompany Pinckney and Marshall on a special mission to France, to avert, if possible, a rupture between the two countries. He was invited to remain in Paris, though his associates were soon ordered to quit the territories of France, and obtained the evidence and assurances upon which the subsequent commission acted. On his return he was unsuccessfully supported by the democratic party of Massachusetts for the office of governor in 1798, and again in 1801, but was elected after a violent canvass in 1810, and was reelected in 1811. In 1812 he was elected vicepresident of the United States, but died suddenly in the second year of his term.

GERS, a department of France, bounded N. by the department of Lot-et-Garonne, N. E. by that of Tarn-et-Garonne, E. and S. E. by HauteGaronne, S. by Hautes-Pyrénées, and W. by Basses-Pyrénées and Landes; greatest length, 73 m.; greatest breadth, 53 m.; area, 2,425 sq. m.; pop. in 1856, 304,497. This department was formed from parts of the old provinces of Gascony and Guienne. The surface is in general hilly. Among its mountains is Mont d'Astarac, 1,180 feet above the level of the sea. It is watered by the Gers, Save, Adour, and several other rivers. The most important vegetable products are wheat, maize, oats, rye, peas, beans, onions, and fruit. Large quantities of wine and brandy are annually made. The minerals are marble, gypsum, potters' clay, marl, building stone, and a fusible spar used in making glass and porcelain. The only manufactures are coarse woollens, leather, bricks, glass, and earthenware. The number of wind and water mills is said to exceed 1,000. Capital, Auch.

GERSON, a rabbi of France, distinguished by the appellations Rabbenu (our master), Hazzaken (the old man), and Meor Haggolah (light of the exiled), flourished in the 11th century, wrote a commentary on the Talmud, and is celebrated for the introduction of various substantial reforms among the European Jews, including the abolition of polygamy and repudiation, known under the name of "institutions (gezeroth) of Rabbenu Gerson."

GERSON, JEAN (CHARLIER), a French theologian, born at Gerson, near Rheims, Dec. 14, 1368, died in Lyons, in a convent of the Celestines, July 12, 1429. He was the eldest of 12 children. At the age of 14 he went to Paris to study the humanities and theology, and in 1387 he was selected by the university to be one of its deputation to Pope Clement VII. at Avignon upon the controversy concerning the immaculate conception. In 1395 he was made chancellor of the university of Paris. Charles VI. had just fallen into insanity, and while divisions menaced the state, the church was rent by a schism which produced 2 and afterward 3 pretenders

to the pontifical throne. Gerson exerted himself for the reform of morals and the banishment of scholasticism from the university, combated astrology, and resisted the invasion of the pantheistic doctrines which then had their seat in Brabant. When the duke of Orleans was assassinated by the duke of Burgundy in 1408, Gerson, at the peril of his fortune and life, denounced the murderer and delivered the funeral oration of his victim. Pursued by John the Fearless, he saw his house pillaged, and was obliged to conceal himself for a long time in the vaults of Notre Dame. He took the lead both as theologian and orator at the council of Constance, assembled in 1414 for the pacification of the church. He there maintained the superiority of general councils to the popes, and urged the deposition of both John XXIII. and Benedict XIII., and the election of a new pontiff. The schism was at length ended, but his efforts to check the abuses which reigned in the church were ineffectual; and as civil dissensions did not permit his return to France, he retired in a pilgrim's habit to the mountains of Bavaria, where he wrote his "Consolation of Theology." He returned to his country after a voluntary exile of 2 years, and found an asylum in a convent. Though one of the most active men of his age, he was also the most mystical of its thinkers. The restless chief of the university of Paris, he yet professed a religious philosophy which makes the ideal of human wisdom consist in silent prayer. He was the first who sought to give to the reveries of mysticism the character of a science. He recognized in the soul two classes of faculties the cognitive or intellectual, whose highest act is simple intuition of divine things; and the affective faculties, whose highest act is ecstatic delight in God. Faith and penitence are the two wings on which the soul approaches the Infinite Being. To substitute this mystical philosophy for scholasticism was the aim of his writings. As many manuscripts of the "Imitation of Jesus Christ" bear the name of Gersen, that work is often ascribed to Gerson. The author of the "Imitation" expressed the hope that his name should be known to God alone, and men have in vain sought for certainty concerning it. The college of the Sorbonne and the larger number of German critics have ascribed it to Thomas à Kempis; some Italian ecclesiastics and the order of the Benedictines, to a certain Gersen of the 13th century; and many French scholars, including Mabillon and Bellarmin, have pronounced for Gerson.

GERSTÄCKER, FRIEDRICH, a German novelist and traveller, born in Hamburg, May 16, 1816. He was apprenticed to a merchant at Cassel, but soon conceived the plan of emigrating to America. He devoted himself in 1835'6 to the study of agricultural economy, and in 1887 left Bremen for New York. After his arrival, he began a wandering and adventurous life, traversing the United States in all directions, now working his passage on steamboats, now hunting in the backwoods, and

finally settled in 1842 as hotel keeper at Point Coupée, La. In Louisiana he published parts of a journal he had written for his mother, of which extracts also appeared in Heller's Rosen in Germany. He returned to Germany in 1843, devoted himself to literary pursuits, and published successively his Streif und Jagdzüge durch die Vereinigten Staaten Nordamerikas (2 vols., Dresden, 1844); Die Regulatoren in Arkansas (3 vols., Leipsic, 1846); Mississippi-Bilder, Lichtund Schattenseiten transatlantischen Lebens (2 vols., Dresden, 1847); Amerikanische Wald- und Strom-Bilder (2 vols., Leipsic, 1849); and several minor works. He set out in March, 1849, for new travels, and at the expense of the bookseller Cotta and the ministry of the so-called vicar of the German empire, proceeded from Rio Janeiro, via Buenos Ayres and Valparaiso, to California, thence to the Sandwich and Society islands, and to Australia, and finally returned in 1852, via Batavia, to Germany. He has since resided near Leipsic. Of his recent travels he has given accounts in the Ausland, and the supplement of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung, which were collected under the title of Reisen (Stuttgart and Tübingen, 1853–25), and have also been translated into English. Among his other books are many popular guide books for American emigrants and translations from the English. A French translation of several of his works appeared in 1858.

GERUND, in Latin grammar, a verbal neuter noun, having only the 4 oblique cases of the singular number, which serve as cases of the present infinitive active verb used substantively, and govern the case of their verb.

GERVINUS, GEORG GOTTFRIED, a German historian and politician, born in Darmstadt, May 20, 1805. He entered a mercantile house, but determined to abandon business for study, and repaired in 1826 to the university of Heidelberg. After completing his studies, during which the lectures of Schlosser had inspired him specially with a love of history, he taught in an institution at Frankfort-on-the-Main, but soon returned to Heidelberg. He then studied several years in Italy, collecting notes and materials for historical works, and on his return to Heidelberg in 1835 was appointed extraordinary professor. He had already published a Geschichte der Angelsachsen im Ueberblick (Frankfort, 1830), and Historische Schriften (Frankfort, 1833), and in 1836 he was appointed ordinary professor of history and literature at Göttingen. He had now begun his important work Die Geschichte der poetischen Nationalliteratur der Deutschen (3 vols., Leipsic, 1835-'8; 3d ed., 1846-28), the complement of which is the Neuere Geschichte der poetischen Nationalliteratur der Deutschen (2 vols., Leipsic, 1840-42; 3d ed., 1852). In these productions he traces the development of poetry in its relations to the progress of civilization and of society. He lost his chair at Göttingen in 1837 by being associated with Dahlmann, the brothers Grimm, Ewald, and other professors, in signing the protest

against the abolition of the Hanoverian constitution. In 1838 he made another journey to Italy, renewed his historical researches at Rome, and returned to Heidelberg, where he became honorary professor in 1844. He now took part in the political affairs of Germany, advocating liberal ideas, and published pamphlets which exerted an influence throughout the country. The Heidelberg address on the Schleswig-Holstein difficulty in 1846 was written by him. In 1847 he was one of the founders of the Deutsche Zeitung, the organ of the constitutional party, and as its editor-in-chief he had a prominent part in forming the constitution of 1848. A member of the diet and of the national assembly, he was more influential as a journalist than as an orator, though he engaged in the stormy debates on the constitution in Dec. 1848. In 1850 he went to England, where he made unsuccessful efforts in behalf of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, and on his return to Heidelberg resumed his historical writings. Among his later works is a study of Shakespeare (4 vols., Leipsic, 1849-50; 2d ed., 1850); a Geschichte der Deutschen Dichtung (5 vols., Leipsic, 1853); and a Geschichte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (Leipsic, 3d vol., 1858; English translation, 1859). The introduction to the last work (1853), in which he declared his republican doctrines, caused him to be arraigned before the tribunal of Baden, but the prosecution was abandoned.

GESENIUS, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH WILHELM, a German orientalist and biblical critic, born in Nordhausen, Feb. 3, 1786, died in Halle, Oct. 23, 1842. He studied at the universities of Helmstädt and Göttingen, taught at the pedagogical institute of Helmstädt, and was appointed in 1806 magister legens at Göttingen, in 1809 professor of ancient literature in the gymnasium of Heiligenstadt, in 1810 subordinate, and in 1811 ordinary professor of theology in the university of Halle, where he remained to the end of his life, leaving his favorite university only for a scientific journey with Thilo to Paris and Oxford in 1820, or for short excursions through Germany. Making the study of the Semitic languages, and particularly of the Hebrew, the task of his life, Gesenius, by his numerous works, which evinced a most extensive and profound erudition, as well as by his lectures, which attracted a continually increasing number of students, succeeded in reviving an interest for this species of learning, comparatively neglected since the time of the Buxtorfs, and in founding a new school of biblical exegesis, chiefly based on an accurate, rational, and historico-critical study of philology. His works are: "Hebrew and Chaldaic Lexicon for the use of the Old Testament" (2 vols., Leipsic, 1810-'12; 4th German ed., 1834; 2d Latin ed., 1846; translated into English by J. W. Gibbs, Andover, 1824, and by Edward Robinson, Boston, 1850); "Elementary Course of the Hebrew Language" (2 vols.), comprising a "Hebrew Grammar" (Halle, 1813, 16th edition by Rödiger, Leipsic, 1851; trans

lated into English by M. Stuart, Andover, 1826, and by T. J. Conant, Boston, 1839); a "Hebrew Reader" (Halle, 1814; 7th ed. by De Wette, Leipsic, 1844; 8th ed. by Heiligstedt, 1851); "Critical History of the Hebrew Language" (Leipsic, 1815; 2d ed., 1827); De Pentateuchi Samaritani Origine, Indole, et Auctoritate (Halle, 1815); "Grammatico-critical System of the Hebrew Language" (2 vols., Leipsic, 1827); "Translation of the Prophet Isaiah, with a Philologico-critico-historical Comment" (3 vols., Leipsic, 1820-21); Thesaurus Philologico-Criticus Linguæ Hebraica et Chaldaica Veteris Testamenti (vol. i.-iii. Fasc. 1, 2d ed., Leipsic, 1829-'42). His contributions to the cyclopædia of Ersch and Gruber, and his notes to Burckhardt's travels, are valuable.

GESNER, KONRAD VON, a Swiss naturalist, called the German Pliny, born in Zürich, March 26, 1516, died there, Dec. 13, 1565. He studied under the best masters at Zürich, Strasbourg, Paris, Basel, and Montpellier, and was succes sively master of a school at Basel, teacher of Greek at Lausanne, and practising physician and professor of ethics and physic at Zürich. His first important work was a Bibliotheca Universalis (Zürich, 1545-'9), a vast collection, containing the titles of all the books then known in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, with criticisms, summaries, and specimens. This is among the earliest works on bibliography, and has served as a model to many that have succeeded it. In 1555 appeared his Mithridates de Differentiis Linguarum, having accounts of 130 ancient and modern languages. His most important work, the Historia Animalium, with woodcuts, was published between 1551 and 1556, and is a summary of all that was then known of zoology, of the nomenclature, description, anatomy, habits, and uses of quadrupeds and aquatic animals. He then devoted himself to botany, and in his Opera Botanica gave particular attention to the flower and the fruit, and suggested the possibility of a classification by means of the organs of fructification.

GESSNER, SALOMON, a Swiss painter and poet, born at Zürich, April 1, 1730, died in the same city, March 2, 1788. He showed little inclination for study in boyhood, but by reading the German poets, especially Klopstock, his mind was awakened. His father attempted in vain to engage him in his own business of bookselling, and allowed him to follow his inclination for poetry and landscape painting. He resided successively at Berlin, Hamburg, and Zürich, first becoming known by his poem on "Night," which was followed by "Daphnis," a pastoral in 3 cantos, by "Idyls," the "Death of Abel," in prose, a "Picture of the Deluge," some moral tales and dramas, and lectures on landscaping. Some of the engravings with which he illustrated his poems are worthy of the first masters.

GETA, P. SEPTIMIUS. See CARACALLA. GETÆ, an ancient people mentioned by Herodotus and Thucydides as living S. of the Ister

(Danube), and by later writers among the tribes that lived N. of that river. Some critics regard them as identical with the Dacians, others with the Goths. Rawlinson, in his notes on Herodotus (iv. 93 and elsewhere), adopts the latter opinion as almost certain, and points to the "striking analogy of the compounds, Massagetæ, Thyssa-getæ, and Tyri-getæ, to the later names of Visi-goths and Ostrogoths."

GETHSEMANE, a retired place, containing about half an acre of land, on the W. side of Mt. Olivet, within a stone's throw of the brook Kedron, and commanding a full view of Jerusalem. The name, from two Hebrew words (gath and shemen) signifying oil-press, indicates the fertility of the spot, especially in olives. Though called a garden, it was probably a grove, laid out with walks, and affording shade and seclusion to those who resorted thither from the city. The Saviour often retired there for devotion. There he was in his agony in prayer, immediately after the last supper; and there he was sought and found by Judas, when he betrayed him. The place contains 8 large and venerable looking olive trees, the trunks of which show their great antiquity, and of which the traditions of the region would have us believe that they are the same under which Christ walked and prayed. The spot is now sandy and barren, and appears like a forsaken place. It is surrounded by a low broken wall, and is in the keeping of a fraternity of monks. The locality intended in the Scripture narrative is in some doubt, but the one above described corresponds with the required conditions.

GETTYSBURG, a post borough and the capital of Adams co., Penn., built on elevated ground in a rich farming country, at the intersection of several important roads with the turnpike from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 114 m. W. of the former city, and 36 m. S. W. of Harrisburg; pop. in 1853, about 3,000. It is extensively engaged in the manufacture of carriages, is mostly well built, is supplied with good water conveyed in iron pipes from a neighboring spring, and contained in 1850 a brick court house, gaol, public offices, an academy, a bank, 7 churches, and 3 printing establishments issuing 3 weekly newspapers and 1 quarterly publication. It is the seat of a Lutheran theological seminary, founded in 1825, having 2 professors, about 20 students, and 7,000 vols. in its libraries, and of Pennsylvania college, founded in 1832, and having a president and 7 professors, 60 students, a library of 9,000 vols., and a medical department in Philadelphia. The college occupies a handsome Doric building, 4 stories high and 150 feet long. Several copper mines were opened near the town in 1851. The Wrightsville, York, and Gettysburg railroad affords communication with the Susquehanna river and with the N. central railroad of Pennsylvania.

GEULINCX, ARNOLD, a Belgian philosopher, born in Antwerp in 1625, died in Leyden in 1669. He studied and taught the classics and the Cartesian philosophy at Louvain for many