pensate for want of beauty by emitting a powerful fragrance on the approach of evening. P. apiifolium (celery-leaved storksbill) and P. vespertinum, a hybrid variety, may be cited as instances. There are also the sad or thistleflowered, having pale greenish yellow blossoms, but at dusk uniformly very fragrant. A section called fulgida exhibits kinds with flowers of the greatest splendor, with intense purple or scarlet colors, such as P. sanguineum. From these stemless and herbaceous though perennial species, we can trace gradations in others whose stems are flexile and inclined to climb, with fleshy, peltate, and 5 lobed leaves, few-flowered umbels, and pale purple blossoms; considered desirable on account of their clean, lustrous foliage, emitting on being bruised a pleasant scent, admirably fitted for baskets as hanging plants, or to be trained on small wire trellises in pot culture. Of these the most familiar is P. peltatum (peltate storksbill), a universal favorite, blooming very freely when kept rather dry, but producing glossy and large leaves in cool and moist situations. A variety with variegated leaves is known. A beautiful whiteblossomed species of similar habits is the P. scutatum. Through such half woody-stemmed species we reach the fleshy and shrubby kinds in the group of ciconia, embracing those whose stems are tall, the unbels producing a profusion of blossoms of some single color, such as P. zonale or horse-shoe geranium, so called from a dark discolored semicircular line on the disk of the rounded, crenate leaf. The flowers of this species are borne in large showy heads, supported on very long peduncles; they are scarlet or red, rose, pale, or white. A distinct variety is P. martinatum, where the leaves cease to be zonate, and have instead a white or yellowish margin, and known as the silver-leaved geraniums. Some of the choicest hybrids for ornament are found here, possessing fanciful names to distinguish them from each other, either as dwarf sorts, or kinds of prostrate habit, or for some peculiar color of the petals. Such sorts are bedded out in borders or on lawns, producing a unique or gorgeous effect from the profusion and brilliancy of their bloom. These low and prostrate kinds are extreme aberrations from the usual attitude. Another species, P. inquinans, has bright crimson or scarlet flowers, and the foliage on being bruised by the hand leaves behind a stain of a brownish color. The hybrid from it, called P. Bentinckianum, is described with flowers of the intensest scarlet. This is a tall-growing sort, attaining a height of 4 feet. A writer in Loudon's "Gardener's Magazine" (vol. vii. p. 677) speaks of a seedling of the variety called Waterloo, which had a stem 5 feet 10 inches high, and measured at 5 feet from the ground 5 inches in circumference. It is stated on good authority that when trained to stakes or otherwise supported, the species belonging to the ciconia will grow 8 or 10 feet high. One which came within our own observation, trained on the back wall of a green

Tak

house, considerably exceeded that height, and the woody stem near the base of the plant furnished a tolerably stout and stiff walking stick. The succulent fleshy habits of these species adapt them to endure long continued droughts without seriously endangering their vitality; and when kept dry in sand and free from frosts, they can be easily preserved through the winters and planted out for successive summers. ing a hint from this fact, Mr. Loudon advises, in his Arboretum Britannicum, the trial of some sorts, by planting them at the foot of warm walls, covering the roots on approach of frost with litter so deep as to exclude cold and moisture, and thus acclimating them; an experiment, even in the hardest wooded sorts, better adapted to England than to our climate. With more suffruticose stems, still rising to considerable heights, we find the most magnificent flowers among those series which comprise those with unequal-sized petals, the 2 upper ones being broader and longer, and the 3 lower being narrow. In these, the colors vary from pure white and rosy to purple and the deepest crimsons. In P. cordatum (heart-shaped storksbill) the upper petals are very much broader than the lower, which are indeed scarcely more than linear. In P. betulinum (birch-leaved storksbill) the upper petals are beautifully pencilled with crimson streaks. Among the purple sorts is P. cucullatum (hood-leaved storksbill), in which the upper petals are of a rich purplish red, but marked with darker purplish streaks. In P. ternatum the foliage is deeply cut and the lobes sharply serrated, but the markings on the upper petals are reduced to a few shortened and thick lines. From the nearly entire-edged foliage of the first mentioned, we notice by similar gradations those whose leaves are deeply parted into segments and lobes, as P. quercifolium (oak-leaved storksbill); and in P. radula (rasp-leaved stork's bill) we notice a palmated leaf with narrow and pinnatifid lobes; while others of the hybrid sorts are carried to still minuter divisions. Such a variety of forms in the contour and outline of the foliage would be enough, independent of the richness of the blossoms, to entitle this order to regard. The pelargoniums all mix freely, and hybridization is easily effected. By this process the most bizarre and the most magnificent varieties are produced. To such extent is this carried, that what are called prize flowers seem scarcely related to the original species, so much are the petals increased in size, in depth of color, and in equality of the lower petals with the upper. In some the face of the blossom assumes nearly a circular outline, while in others art has produced irregularity nearly monstrous in the jagged edges, in the strange contrast of tints, and in the tendency to become double; such sorts are pronounced fancy blooms. When hybridization is to be performed, the flowers of the plant to be artificially impregnated are early deprived of their stamens before the anthers burst, care being taken not to injure the stigma. The

farina or pollen is selected from the richest and choicest kinds, it being admitted that the offspring follow more nearly the character of the male parent. The capsule soon swells and ripens, when the seeds are sown, and a few months' patience is rewarded by new and perhaps choicer hybrids. Scarcely any other plants are propagated so easily, and pieces of the young stems, cut across just below the joint and planted in sandy soil, root freely, especially if stimulated by gentle heat. Slips from the roots will send out buds and make new plants by similar treatment. Some of the dwarf woodystemmed kinds have been grafted; and P. tricolor, when worked upon the summit of a taller variety, exhibits a charming effect from its seagreen foliage and brilliant flowers of black, red, and white. Light and plenty of air, with occasional sponging of the leaves to remove dust from their surface, and with moderate heat, are the chief requisites in parlor culture; but on the appearance of the buds an increase of water should be given. In their growing condition slight watering is found best, as too great a quantity causes the plant to grow weak and run to leaves. A splendidly illustrated work on the species and varieties of pelargoniums was published in London between the years 1820 and 1830 by Robert Sweet; but the demand for the newer sorts caused these now almost obsolete kinds to be lost, and the distinct and original species it records furnish the chief value of the book. In Loudon's "Encyclopædia of Gardening" (2d ed., 1834) may be found a list of the finest hybrids extant at that time; while the catalogues of every year enumerate hundreds of the latest, which fashion or fancy has produced at home or abroad. To reduce these to their specific position, and to discover their parentage and ancestry, would prove as difficult a task as the result would be curious and gratifying. Those cited in this article are mostly distinctive species, originally brought from the Cape of Good Hope, and seldom seen now except in the collections of the botanist. The geraniacea furnish little of utility to man, unless as commercial articles of an ornamental kind in the florists' trade; though P.antidysentericum is used among the Namaquas as a remedy for diarrhoea, the roots of P. triste are eaten at the Cape, and in Van Diemen's Land the native carrot is the root of G. parviflorum, while an astringent principle is characteristic of the order.

GERANDO. I. JOSEPH MARIE DE, baron, a French philosopher and statesman, born in Lyons, Feb. 29, 1772, died in Paris, Nov. 10, 1842. The son of an architect, he was educated in the college of the oratoire at Lyons, and was preparing for the priesthood against the wishes of his family when the revolutionary persecutions of ecclesiastics led him to change his purpose. When in 1793 his native town was besieged by the troops of the convention, he took arms for its defence, distinguished himself for bravery, was made prisoner, and narrowly escaped death. Obliged to flee for safety, he

went to Switzerland and thence to Italy, and was employed 2 years in a commercial house in Naples. He returned to France after the proclamation of an amnesty to the Lyonnese emigrants, and in 1797 was persuaded to go to Paris by his relative and former schoolmaster, Camille Jordan, who had been appointed a member of the council of '500. On the 18th Fructidor he succeeded in saving the life of his relative, whom he accompanied in his flight to Germany. He then joined a regiment of cavalry in the French army, and was in garrison at Colmar when the French institute proposed the question: "What is the influence of signs on the formation of ideas?" De Gerando hastily wrote a dissertation on it, and learned that he had received the prize soon after the battle of Zürich, in which he had taken part. Invited to Paris, he entered the ministry of the interior under Lucien Bonaparte in 1799, became secretary-general of that department under Champagny in 1804, accompanied him to Italy in 1805, was appointed master of requests in 1808, was afterward engaged in the organization of Tuscany and of the Papal States when they were united to France, received the title of councillor of state in 1811, and was called to the difficult office of governor of Catalonia in 1812. On the fall of the empire he retained the dignities of councillor of state, baron, and officer of the legion of honor, to which he had been raised by Napoleon; but for having been sent to organize the defence of the Moselle during the Hundred Days he was at first discarded after the second restoration, but soon resumed his place in the council of state, which he held during the rest of his life. In 1819 he began a course of lectures before the faculty of law in Paris on public and administrative law, which were suspended in 1822, and resumed under the Martignac ministry in 1828. In 1837 he was raised to the peerage. Though distinguished for his discretion and ability as an administrative officer, and for his zeal in promoting national industry, useful discoveries, and charitable associations, he is remembered chiefly for his philosophical writings. In the leisure which he enjoyed after his dissertation was crowned by the institute, he enlarged it, and published it under the title Des signes et de l'art de penser considérés dans leurs rapports mutuels (4 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1800). His other principal philosophical works, in which he follows with some deviations the school of Condillac, are the treatise De la génération des connaissances humaines (Berlin, 1802), and the Histoire comparée des systèmes de philosophie (3 vols. 8vo., Paris, 1803), a posthumous addition to which appeared in the 3d edition (1847-'8). The latter is much superior to any French work on the history of philosophy that had preceded it. In 1825 he received the prize of the academy for his treatise Du perfectionnement moral et de l'éducation de soi-même (translated into English, Boston, 1830), the fundamental idea of which is that life is a discipline whose object is perfec

tion. The 5 leading motives which solicit the will are sensations, affections, thought, duty, and religion; and the two conditions of harmonious development are a love of goodness (l'amour du bien) and a habit of self-control. His Visiteur du pauvre also received the prize of the academy (1821). In 1827 he published a work in 2 vols., entitled De l'éducation des sourds-muets de naissance. His éloge was pronounced by Beugnot and Bayle-Mouillard. II. AUGUSTE DE, nephew of the preceding, a French traveller and author, born in Lyons, April 4, 1809, died in Dresden, Dec. 8, 1849. After completing his collegiate course he began to study law in accordance with the advice of his uncle, who was also his guardian. In his 21st year he met the young countess Emma Teleki of Hungary, and, prevailing over the objections both of her friends and his own, was married to her at Paris in 1830. He immediately departed with his wife through Austria and Hungary to Hosszufalva in the northern part of Transylvania, the residence of her father, Count Emeric Teleki. For several years he was occupied in studying the social and political characteristics of Transylvania and Hungary, and early determined to awaken the sympathy of liberal minds in the west of Europe for the men who were seeking the develop ment of the institutions and the extension of the liberties of those countries. He visited France in 1840, but returned to Transylvania in time to witness the assembling of the diet in 1841, and in 1844 published in Paris an "Essay on the Origin of the Hungarians," tracing them in accordance with their own traditions to the Huns. In the following year appeared his "Transylvania and its Inhabitants," which had a wide circulation in Europe, and treats fully of the population, antiquities, and history of the country, and especially of the efforts of the Hungarians for national independence. In 1845 he again left France for Hungary, and resided at Hosszufalva and Pesth till in 1848 he published a work entitled De l'esprit public en Hongrie depuis la révolution Française, containing an elaborate sketch of the political history of Hungary from 1790 to the assembling of the diet in Nov. 1847. It appeared in French, German, and Hungarian. He returned to Paris on hearing the news of the French revolution of 1848, and contributed numerous articles to the National newspaper, giving exact information on Hungarian and Austrian affairs. His health failing, he retired to Nancy, but returned to Paris in May, 1849, and published in the National a series of essays entitled Les steppes de Hongrie. He left France in July for Hungary, and was on his way to join Dembinski, intending to write a history of the campaign, when he heard of the surrender of Görgey, and escaped into northern Germany. He did not recover from the shock occasioned by the fall of Hungary, and, unable to undertake the jour ney to France, was joined by his wife and other friends at Dresden a few weeks before his death.

Michelet offered a tribute to his memory as "the author of two works, in one of which he unveiled an oriental world before unknown to us, and in the second proved that those distant people were not wholly foreign to us, that in political sympathy they were ourselves;" and as, by his connection with the Parisian press, disputing the ground, inch by inch, with the falsehoods of absolutist Europe."

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GERARD, CÉCILE JULES BASILE, a French officer, called the lion-killer, born in Pignans, Var, June 14, 1817. Enlisting in the Spahis, he landed in Africa in 1842, and 2 years later killed his first lion. He took a fancy for the sport, in which he has evinced extraordinary tact and courage, and in 1855 had killed no fewer than 25 lions. He has given the results of his experience in 2 books: La chasse au lion (1855, 2d ed. 1856), and Gérard le tueur de lions, written under a pseudonyme (3d ed. 1858). The latter has been translated into English (New York, 1857).

GÉRARD, ÉTIENNE MAURICE, count, a marshal of France, born in Damvilliers, Meuse, April 4, 1773, died in Paris, April 17, 1852. The son of a notary, he enlisted in 1791 as a private soldier, served under Dumouriez and Jourdan, distinguished himself in the battles of Fleurus (1794), Kreuznach (1795), and Teining (1796), and as aide-de-camp of Bernadotte at Vienna, and obtained a colonelcy in 1800. He signalized himself at Austerlitz, Halle, Jena, and Wagram, receiving as reward for his services the rank of general of brigade and a barony. After service in Portugal and Spain, he joined the Russian expedition, gave new proofs of valor and talent, and as general of division evinced unfaltering energy during the retreat from Moscow. He was severely wounded in the campaign of 1813, and in 1814 fought successfully against the invading troops at Dienville, Montereau, and Méry. During the campaign of 1815 he was placed under the command of Marshal Grouchy, who had orders from Napoleon to prevent the Prussians from joining the English army under Wellington. On the morning of June 18, hearing the report of cannon, he strongly urged a march toward Waterloo, but was overruled. Had his advice prevailed, the issue of the battle might have been changed. On the fall of Napoleon, Gérard left France, and did not return till 1817. In 1822 he was elected deputy, and took his seat among the opposition members. He contributed to the success of the revolution of 1830, and after being minister of war for 3 months, reentered the chamber of deputies, was promoted to the rank of marshal, April 17, 1831, and was intrusted with the command of the French army sent to protect Belgium against Holland. He commanded at the celebrated siege of Antwerp, which he forced to capitulate, Dec. 23, 1832. In 1834 he again held for 3 months the office of minister of war. He was made count in 1813, peer in 1832, grand chancellor of the legion of honor in 1835, and senator in 1852.

GERARD, FRANÇOIS PASCAL SIMON, baron, a French painter, born in Rome in 1770, died in Paris, Jan. 11, 1837. He entered the studio of David in 1786; in 1792 he visited Italy, but soon returned, and exhibited in 1795 his first great picture, "Belisarius," which was received with marked favor. "The Three Ages," "Cupid and Psyche," "Ossian," and the "Battle of Austerlitz," which appeared in succession from 1806 to 1810, established his fame. The last was applauded for its accuracy and beauty by the emperor, who, as well as nearly all the members of his family, had their portraits painted by Gérard. The return of the Bourbons did not diminish his success. At the command of Louis XVIII. he executed in 1817 his "Entry of Henry IV. into Paris." In 1819, at the request of Prince Frederic Augustus of Prussia, he painted his "Corinne at Cape Miseno," a beautiful scene from Mme. de Staël's novel. His "Louis XIV. declaring his Grandson Philip of Anjou King of Spain" appeared in the public exhibition of 1828; and his "Coronation of Charles X." in that of 1829. Under Louis Philippe he executed various important works in the halls of the historical museum at Versailles and in the cupola of the Pantheon. The latter, completed in 1836, were the last of his performances. During his career, beside 30 historical pictures, some of which are of very large dimensions, he paint ed nearly 300 portraits.-His nephew, HENRI GERARD, has published a collection of his works, with a notice and explanations (3 vols. folio, Paris, 1852), and is also preparing the correspondence and MSS. of his uncle for publication. GÉRARD DE NERVAL (GÉRARD LABRUNIE), a French author, born in Paris, May 21, 1808, died there, Jan. 24, 1855. He published, when 18 years old, a series of poems, entitled Elégies nationales, and in 1828 a new translation of Faust, which, according to Goethe himself, was a marvellous piece of ingenuity. He soon became a contributor to periodicals, tried his hand at the drama, and wrote pieces of various kinds, either by himself or in conjunction with Alexandre Dumas. One of the latter, Leo Burckart, was published in 1839 with notes. About 1840, on the death of the actress Jenny Colon, whom he devotedly loved, he took to travelling, and published narratives of journeys through Italy, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Greece, and the East. On his return to Paris in 1844, he was for a while the substitute of Théophile Gautier as feuilletoniste of the Presse. In 1850, in conjunction with Méry, he produced, under the title of Le chariot d'enfant, a metrical translation of an Indian drama. He then undertook a series of philosophical and biographical essays upon eccentric characters, which he collected under the title of Les illuminés, ou les précurseurs du socialisme (1852). The erratic mode of life, solitary meditations, and sad remembrances of Gérard had caused a mental disease, which, though apparent in most of his actions, did not interfere with his literary productions, and perhaps added a charm to them. On the

morning following the anniversary of the death of Jenny Colon, he was found hanged and dead in one of the foulest streets of Paris.

GERASA, or GALASA (now Jerash), a ruined city of Syria, in ancient Decapolis, 80 m. S. S. W. of Damascus, situated on the opposite slopes of 2 hills, between which flows the river Keruan. The most interesting of its magnificent remains extend along the right bank of the stream, and comprise a Corinthian temple and triumphal arch, 5 or 6 other temples, and 2 theatres, all of marble; a naumachia, or artificial basin for the representation of seafights, and a small temple, with a semicircular Ionic colonnade from which a street, lined with rows of columns, traverses the city. At right angles with this are 3 other streets, all full of relics of ancient greatness. There are raised walks for foot passengers on either side, while the centre course still shows marks of chariot wheels. The walls, which are pierced by 3 ornamented gateways, and flanked by occasional towers, are in tolerable preservation. Outside is an extensive necropolis; 200 yards N. E. is a large reservoir, and near it can be traced an aqueduct. The river and valley are crossed by 2 bridges. There are 2 grand baths, and inscriptions, chiefly of the time of Antoninus Pius, but in general much defaced, are met with in all directions. The ruins are reported by Irby and Mangles to be much finer than those of Palmyra. The city was built by the Romans after their eastern conquests, was burned by the Jews to avenge the massacre of their Cæsarean brethren by the Syrians, taken and again burned by Annius, one of Vespasian's generals, and in 1122 captured by Baldwin II. of Jerusalem, who destroyed its castle.

GERHARD, EDUARD, a German archæologist, born in Posen, Nov. 29, 1795. He was educated at Breslau and Berlin, studying under Heindorf, Schneider, and Böckh. Resigning a professorship on account of weak eyes, he travelled in Italy, and resided 15 years in Rome. He was engaged on Platner's "Description of Rome," planned by Niebuhr, and then directed by Bunsen, for which he undertook to furnish a complete account of the sources of knowledge concerning ancient Roman topography, under the title of Scriptores de Regionibus Urbis. This task, however, was not completed. In order to unite all the departments and details of antiquarian knowledge, he proposed the establishment of archæological societies, and a systematic correspondence between them, and reproduction by engravings and descriptions of all known antiques. When in 1828 the crown prince of Prussia visited Italy, Gerhard accompanied him to Naples, and obtained his protection for an archæological society, the Instituto di corrispondenza archeologica, founded at Rome, among the members of which were Bunsen, Panofka, the duke of Luynes, Millingen, and Gerhard, who directed it till his return to Prussia in 1837. He was afterward appointed archæologist of the royal museum at Berlin, professor in

the university of that city, and member of the academy of sciences. Among his numerous writings are Antike Bildwerke (Stuttgart, 1827'44, with 140 copperplate illustrations); Auserlesene Griechische Vasenbilder (3 vols., Berlin, 1839-'47, not yet completed, with 240 plates); Griechische und Etruskische Trinkschalen (1843); Etruskische und Campanische Vasenbilder (1843); Trinkschalen und Gefässe (1848-'50); Ueber die Hermenbilder auf Griechischen Vasen (1856); and a large number of monographs and contributions to periodicals.

GERHARDT, CHARLES FRÉDÉRIC, a French chemist, born in Strasbourg, Aug. 21, 1816, died there, Aug. 19, 1856. The son of a manufacturer of chemical products, his studies were naturally directed to the science connected with the profession of his father. He was in 1831 and 1832 a member of the polytechnic school at Carlsruhe, and afterward attended Erdmann's course of lectures at Leipsic. In 1835 he pursued his scientific studies in Liebig's laboratory at Giessen, and in 1838 removed to Paris, where he devoted himself to chemical investigations. In 1844 he was appointed professor at Montpellier, where he remained 4 years. His most important publication during this period was one upon the essential oils. From Montpellier he returned to Paris and established a private laboratory, in which he continued his researches till 1855, publishing during this time his original papers upon homologous series, the theory of types, the anhydrous acids, and the starches. In 1855 he accepted the chair of chemistry and pharmacy at Strasbourg, which he lived to occupy only one year. His studies were chiefly in the field of organic chemistry, and were in great part directed to the establishment of a correct system of classification of the numerous compound bodies belonging to this department. He introduced simple methods of grouping results so that they should most readily lead to new discoveries, and present classes of phenomena in a clear connection to the mind, and consequently in a form to be most easily retained. He regarded chemical formulæ not as presenting a fixed absolute value, but rather the equivalent compositions of bodies, an idea first advanced by Chevreul. Among Gerhardt's most important publications is the Traité de chimie organique (4 vols. 8vo., 1854-'6), upon which he was occupied a large portion of his life, and in which he presents a complete account of the actual progress of organic chemistry together with his own peculiar views. The work was intended as an appendix to Berzelius's Chimie minérale. He also published translations of some of Liebig's works, beside other treatises of his own. GERHARDT, PAUL, a German poet and theologian, born in Gräfenhainichen, Saxony, March 12, 1607, died in Lübben, June 7, 1676. Little is known of his life till in 1651 he be came pastor at Mittenwalde, a position which he exchanged in 1657 for that of deacon in the church of St. Nicholas, in Berlin. He was there a partisan of the strict Lutherans against

the syncretism of Calixtus and his followers, and was deprived of his diaconate because he refused to obey the edict of 1664 forbidding either party to defame the other in the pulpit or tax it with heresy. In 1668 he became archdeacon in Lübben. He is esteemed the author of the best German hymns after those of Luther; several of them were translated by John Wesley, and are found, in part at least, in the Methodist hymn book. In Germany they were first collected under the title of Geistliche Andachten in 120 Liedern (Berlin, 1666; 4th ed. 1683), and many of them are contained in most of the Protestant hymn books in Germany. Of their numerous editions, the last is that of Wackernagel (Stuttgart, 1849).— See C. A. Wildenhahn, Paul Gerhardt, ein kirchengeschichtliches Lebensbild (Leipsic, 1845; 2d ed. 1850).

GERICAULT, JEAN LOUIS THÉODORE ANDRÉ, a French painter, born in Rouen in 1790, died in Paris, Jan. 18, 1824. He was a pupil of Carle Vernet, and of Guérin, and his first pictures attracted little attention. In 1816 he went to Italy, and in 1819, on his return to France, he exhibited the "Raft of the Medusa," a most dramatic scene, executed in the most powerful style, which was enthusiastically received, and is still considered one of the masterpieces of the French school.

GERLACH, ERNST LUDWIG VON, a Prussian statesman, born in Berlin, March 7, 1795. After the war of liberation (from 1813 to 1815), in which he had taken part with his brothers Leopold and Wilhelm, he joined in Berlin a celebrated club, where a circle of highly gifted men discussed the political and ecclesiastical regeneration of Prussia, thus forming a nucleus for the high church aristocratic party, of which Gerlach has been for many years the leader. After having been in succession councillor, director, and president of divers Prussian courts, he was employed from 1842 to 1844 in the ministry of justice in preparing new propositions for the legislation on marriage, and became in 1844 a member of the state council. From 1849 to 1858 he was a member of the Prussian upper chamber and a leader of the extreme conservative party. At the new elections in 1858 he was defeated, in a district which was considered one of the strongholds of the party. From 1831 to 1837 he was a contributor to the Politisches Wochenblatt, and afterward one of the founders of the "New Prussian Gazette," for which he wrote monthly articles called Rundschau, many of which were also published separately.

GERLACHE, ÉTIENNE CONSTANTIN DE, baron, a Belgian statesman, born in Biourge, in Luxembourg, in 1785. He began to practise law at Liége in 1815, was appointed a councillor in the court of appeals, and from 1824 to 1830 was a prominent member of the second chamber of the states-general, where he especially endeavored to keep the union of the Catholic and liberal opposition within the limits of law. After the outbreak of the Belgian revolution in 1830,