Washington; pop. in 1854, about 10,000. It is separated from Washington by Rock creek, which is crossed by 2 bridges. On the N. and W. it is overlooked by heights, commanding a magnificent view of Washington and the Potomac, and a vast expanse of country, and crowned by villas and country seats, among which are the residences of some of the foreign ministers. It is a quiet, antiquated city, noted for its refined society and educational advantages. It contains several excellent hotels, and in 1850 had 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, a market house, 7 or 8 churches, and a few mills. The most important of its literary institutions is Georgetown college, under the control of the Jesuits. Near the college is a convent of Visitation nuns, and attached to the latter a female academy, usually numbering about 100 pupils. There are several private boarding and day schools, some of which enjoy a high reputation. On the N. W. slope of the heights is the beautiful Oak Hill cemetery, thickly planted with trees and encompassed by an iron fence; it was laid out in 1849. The Alexandria branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, from Alexandria, Va., to Cumberland, Md., passes through the city, and is carried across the Potomac by an aqueduct 1,446 feet long, and 36 feet above the ordinary tide. Georgetown is the only port of the district of Columbia, and its foreign commerce and coasting trade are important. (See DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.) II. A port of entry and the capital of Georgetown district, S. C., on the W. shore of Winyaw bay, near the confluence of the Great Pedee, Black, and Waccamaw rivers, 15 m. from the sea, and 132 m. S. E. of Columbia; pop. in 1850, 1,628. The entrance to the harbor is obstructed by a bar, and this, together with the former reputation of the place for unhealthiness, for a long time checked its prosperity. Its climate, however, has improved, owing to a change in the cultivation of the neighboring rice fields. It contains the county buildings, a bank, 5 or 6 churches, an academy, several steam saw mills and turpentine distilleries, one or two newspaper offices, &c. The tonnage of the district for the year ending June 30, 1858, amounted to 1,630 registered and 76 enrolled and licensed; number of vessels entered, 11, tons 1,992; number of vessels cleared, 45, tons 8,217; value of imports, $1,270; value of exports, $36,174. III. The capital of Scott co., Ky., built on high ground in the midst of a fertile region on the North Elkhorn river, 17 m. E. of Frankfort; pop. in 1854, about 2,000. It contains woollen, bagging, and rope factories, and a printing of fice, issuing a weekly newspaper and a monthly magazine. It is the seat of Georgetown (Baptist) college, founded in 1840, occupying a building 100 feet long by 60 feet wide, and having, in 1858, 8 professors, 132 students, and a library of 7,500 vols.; of the female collegiate institute, founded in 1838, having a good chemical and philosophical apparatus, and about 100 pupils; and of the western military institute, a flourish

ing institution which unites civil education with military discipline.

GEORGETOWN (Dutch, Stabroek), the capital of British Guiana and of the county of Demerara, situate on the E. bank of Demerara river, at its mouth, here about 2 m. wide; lat. 6° 49' 24" N., long. 58° 11' 30" W.; pop. in 1848, 23,000, of whom only 4,000 were whites; in 1851, 25,508. It is regularly built, with broad, clean streets, intersecting at right angles, and neat wooden houses having open verandas in front, thickly shaded and surrounded by gardens. Canals communicating with each other and with the river run through the middle of most of the streets, and are crossed by numerous bridges. The great business thoroughfare, in which are most of the shops and warehouses, is Water street, facing the river, and this is the only quarter inhabited exclusively by Europeans. The principal edifice is the town hall, a large, elegant stone building, with marble-paved galleries supported by cast iron columns. It contains the council hall, courts of law, custom house, treasury, and all the other public offices. The Episcopal cathedral is a handsome stone building, beside which there were in 1855 one Episcopal and 10 other churches, a great number of schools, a mariners' hospital, a colonial hospital, a lunatic asylum, botanical and astronomical societies, 2 banks, 3 newspaper offices, barracks, 2 theatres, and a market place surrounded by well-supplied shops. Below the town is Fort Frederic William, a place of little apparent strength, connected with which is a military hospital; and near it, at the mouth of the river, is an excellent lighthouse. Georgetown is unhealthy, owing to its low, marshy situation. By way of security against dampness the houses are raised on piles 3 or 4 feet above the ground. Diarrhoea, dysentery, dropsy, and yellow and intermittent fevers are prevalent diseases. There is a bar at the mouth of the river, on which there is 15 feet of water. The shipping of the port in 1853 consisted of 591 vessels with an aggregate burden of 101,764 tons. The principal exports are coffee, sugar, and rum.

GEORGIA, one of the 13 original states of the American Union, situated between lat. 30° 21' and 35° N. and long. 80° 48' and 85° 40′ W., having an extreme length N. and S. of 320 m., and an extreme breadth E. and W. of 254 m.; area, 58,000 sq. m., or 37,120,000 acres. It is bounded N. by Tennessee and North Carolina (on the 35th parallel), W. by Alabama and the Chattahoochee river, S. by Florida and St. Mary's river, E. by the Atlantic ocean, and N. E. by the Savannah river, which separates this state from S. Carolina. It is divided into 112 counties viz.: Appling, Baker, Baldwin, Bibb, Bryan, Bullock, Burke, Butts, Calhoun, Camden, Campbell, Carroll, Cass, Catoosa, Chatham, Chattooga, Chattahoochee, Cherokee, Clarke, Clay, Clinch, Cobb, Coffee, Columbia, Coweta, Crawford, Dade, Decatur, De Kalb, Dooly, Dougherty Early, Effingham, Elbert, Emanuel, Fannin, Fayette, Floyd, Forsyth, Franklin, Fulton, Gilmer,

Glynn, Gordon, Greene, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Hancock, Harris, Hart, Hayne, Heard, Henry, Houston, Irwin, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Jones, Kinchafoonee, Laurens, Lee, Liberty, Lincoln, Lowndes, Lumpkin, Macon, McIntosh, Madison, Marion, Meriwether, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Murray, Muscogee, Newton, Oglethorpe, Paulding, Pickens, Pike, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Rabun, Randolph, Richmond, Scriven, Spalding, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taliaferro, Tatnall, Taylor, Telfair, Thomas, Troup, Twiggs, Union, Upson, Walker, Walton, Ware, Warren, Washington, Wayne, Whitefield, Wilkes, Wilkinson, Worth.-Savannah, on the river of the same name, 18 m. from the sea, is the chief commercial and largest city of the state, and one of the principal ports for cotton, rice, and lumber on the S. E. Atlantic coast. Milledgeville, at the head of navigation of the Oconee river, is the seat of the state government. Darien, on the N. bank of the Altamaha, near its mouth; Brunswick, with a fine harbor, 20 m. further S.; and St. Mary's, on the N. bank of St. Mary's river, are other chief ports, and are largely engaged in the coasting trade. They are visited by the Florida steamships on their trips to and from Savannah and Charleston. Augusta, on the Savannah river, ranks as the second city of the state both in relation to its population and commerce; and Columbus, on the Chattahoochee, as the third. Both are frontier cities. Macon is the largest interior city. Atlanta, Griffin, Rome, &c., are also important places. Athens, Oxford, Milledgeville, Macon, and Penfield are seats of colleges. Dahlonega is the seat of a branch of the U. S. mint. -The population of Georgia in 1790 and at subsequent decennial periods, and also in 1852, was as follows:

1790..

1800..

1510.

1820.

1880.

1840.

1950..

1852.

U. S. census.

State census.

52,886 898 29,264 82,548 101,678 1,019 59,404 162,101 145,414 1,801 105,218 258,483 189,564 1,767 149,656 340,483 407,695 2,753 280,944 691,392 521,572 2,981 881,682 906,185 542,567 8,286 889,287 935,090

294,806 2,484 217,531 576,828

According to the tax books of 1856, there were 105,750 polls, and 416,735 slaves valued at $210,538,634. Of the white population in 1850, there were 266,233 males and 255,339 females; of the free colored (1,403 blacks and 1,528 mulattoes), 1,375 males and 1,556 females; and of the slave (359,013 blacks and 22,669 mulattoes), 188,857 males and 192,825 females. The density of population in the same year was 15.62 to the square mile, and the proportion to the whole population of the Union 3.48 per cent. The white and free colored occupied 91,206 dwellings, and constituted 91,666 families. Deaf and dumb, 266: white 208, free colored 1, slaves 57; blind, 357: white 224, free colored 4, slaves 129; insane, 324: white 294, free colored 2, slaves 28; idiotic, 664: white 515, free colored VOL. VIII.-12

1, slaves 148. Births (white and free colored), 15,239; marriages, 4,977; deaths, 4,592; total deaths (including slaves), 9,923. Of the total population, 527,174 were under 20 years of age, 367,711 between 20 and 70, 10,826 between 70 and 100, 221 over 100, and 243 unknown. Of 595 between 90 and 100, 268 were whites, 23 free colored, and 304 slaves; and of those over 100, 55 were whites, 6 free colored, and 160 slaves. Of the total free population (524,503), there were 402,666 natives of the state, 115,413 natives of other states, 5,907 foreigners, and 517 of origin not ascertained; there were 122,954 Georgians resident in other states of the Union. Of 123,243 males (white and free colored) over 15 years of age, 20,715 were engaged in commerce, trade, manufactures, mechanic arts, and mining; 8,362 in agriculture; 11,505 in labor not agricultural; 18 in the army; 282 in sea and river navigation; 2,815 in law, medicine, and divinity; 3,942 in other pursuits requiring education; 416 in government civil service; and 173 in other pursuits. Slaveholders 38,456, viz.: holders of 1 slave, 6,554; of 1 and under 5, 11,716; of 5 and under 10, 7,701; of 10 and under 20, 6,490; of 20 and under 50, 5,056; of 50 and under 100, 764; of 100 and under 200, 147; of 200 and under 300, 22; of 300 and under 500, 4; of 500 and under 1,000, 2. Paupers supported during the year (1849-'50), 1,036, costing $27,820; criminals convicted, 80; convicts in prison (June 1, 1850), 89, all whites. Federal representative population (all free and of the slaves), 677,176, which number entitles the state to 8 representatives in the national congress.-The Savannah, the largest river of Georgia, and the boundary toward South Carolina, rises by two head streams, the Tugaloo and Keowee, in the Appalachian chain, and near the sources of the Tennessee and Hiawassee on the one side and of the Chattahoochee on the other. From the junction of these confluents at Andersonville (lat. 34° 28′), the river has a S. S. E. course of 450 m. to the sea, which it meets near lat. 32° and long. 81°. It is navigable for large ships to Savannah, 18 m., and for steamboats of 150 tons to Augusta, 230 m. further; and by means of a canal round the falls navigation for small steamboats is prolonged for 150 m, above. The Chattahoochee rises near the W. constituent of the Savannah, pursues at first a S. W. course, but at West Point (lat. 32° 52') on the Alabama line turns S. and enters Florida (lat. 30° 41') under the name of the Appalachicola. Its whole length to the gulf is about 550 m., and steamboats ascend it 350 m. to the falls at Columbus. Flint river rises in the hilly country S. of the Chattahoochee, and joins that river in the S. W. corner of the state after a course of 300 m.; it is navigable for steamboats to Albany. The Ochlockonnee, Withlacoochee, and Allapaha drain the S. section of the state, and pass through Florida to the gulf of Mexico. The Withlacoochee and Allapaha by their junction in Florida form the Suwannee. Next to the Savannah, the Altamaha is the largest river

m.

falling into the Atlantic. It is formed by the junction of the Oconee and Ocmulgee, which rise in the hilly region S. of the Chattahoochee and flow for about 250 m. nearly parallel to each other, when the latter bends to the E. and unites its waters with those of the former. The main river is navigable for sea-going vessels to Darien, and steamboats ascend the Ocmulgee to Macon and the Oconee to Milledgeville. The Ogeechee drains the country between the Savannah and Altamaha, and has a S. E. course of 200 m., with 30 or 40 m. of sloop navigation; its southern branch, the Cannouchee, is navigable for 50 The Santilla and St. Mary's drain the S. E. section of the state; both are navigable for sloops about 40 m., and for boats much further; the St. Mary's forms the boundary toward Florida. The N. and N. W. sections of the state are drained by the Tacoah, the Notley, and other tributaries of the Hiawassee; and by the Oostenaula and Etowah, which, uniting at Rome, form the Coosa, one of the tributaries of the Alabama. The Tallapoosa, also a tributary of the Alabama, has its sources in this state between the Coosa and Chattahoochee.-The coast of Georgia extends in a S. S. W. direction from Tybee sound to Cumberland sound, a distance of 128 m., with a shore line estimated at 480 m. Though generally uniform as to course, it is very irregularly indented, and is skirted by numerous low islands which extend parallel to the shores. The principal of these from N. to S. are Cabbage, Ossabaw, St. Catharine's, Sapelo, St. Simon's, Jykill, and Cumberland. The islands as well as some tracts on the adjacent main have a light sandy soil, well adapted to the cultivation of cotton. The cotton grown here is the long staple, or, as it is called from the place of its growth, "sea-island cotton." The inlets and sounds which divide the islands from one another and from the mainland are generally navigable, but too shoal to admit vessels of more than 100 tons. Vessels of larger dimensions can enter only 4 harbors, viz: Savannah, Darien, Brunswick, and St. Mary's. The bar of the Tybee entrance of the Savannah has 19 feet water; that of the Sapelo entrance of the Altamaha, 14 feet; that of St. Simon's sound (entrance of Brunswick harbor), 17 feet; and that of St. Mary's river 14 feet." These figures represent the least water in the channel ways at low water of mean tides; the mean rise of tides on this part of the coast varies from 7 feet in the Savannah to 5.9 feet in the St. Mary's. Georgia is naturally divided into two regions distinguished by their topography, geological structure, climate, and vegetable productions. The line of the first falls met with in ascending the streams marks here, as well as further N., the ascent upon the platform of granitic and palæozoic rocks, which stretches on to the Appalachian mountains. This line crosses the central portion of the state from Augusta on the Savannah, by Macon on the Ocmulgee, to Columbus on the Chattahoochee. It is nearly parallel with the range of the Alleghanies, that cross in a N. E. and

S.W. direction the northern portion of the state; but it is so distant from these mountains that the intervening hilly region of the metamorphic and lower silurian rocks is here much broader than elsewhere along the eastern slopes of the Alleghanies. The width of the belt is not far from 150 miles. On the S. it is succeeded immediately by the lowest tertiary, the eocene, whose sands, clays, calcareous and silicious strata, are seen reposing upon the ancient metamorphic slates and gneiss along the line of contact with these. The cretaceous formation only intervenes from a point almost in the centre of the state, near Macon, gradually widening in its outspread toward the W., and pushing the outcrop of the overlying eocene further to the S. The cretaceous group is also seen at a few isolated points rising through the tertiary near the Ogeechee river. S. of the line designated above, the whole country toward the gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic ocean is occupied by the eocene and the modern tertiaries of the coast; a belt wider even than that of the ancient formations of the N. half of the state. These two districts are often designated as upper and lower Georgia. The latter near the ocean and the Florida line is low and swampy, its better portions well adapted for the culture of rice; but these spots are uninhabitable by whites during the sickly season, whose refuge is then to the dunes, called the sand hills, that occur near the coast in parallel ranges of 40 or 50 feet elevation, or to the more salubrious climate of the " up country." The growth along the banks of the streams is of canes, cypress, magnolia glauca and grandiflora, gum of different species, including the liquidamber tree, oaks, tulip, ash, sweet bay, and many other genera; while back upon the sandy lands pines and scrub oaks are almost the only trees. Several species of palmetto give a tropical aspect to the low islands along the coast, and the magnificent live oaks largely obtained in the vicinity of Brunswick furnish the most valuable ship timber grown in the United States. In the alluvium, which attains an elevation of only a few feet above the water, skeletons of the mastodon, mylodon, megatherium, an extinct species of elephant, and of the ox, are found; and beneath the muddy peaty soil in which they lie the sands and clays are of the post-tertiary formation, containing fossil shells, all of the same species that now live in the neighboring salt water. This formation extends 20 m. inland, the surface rarely exceeding 40 feet elevation above the sea, and averaging from 10 to 12 feet. Here the land suddenly rises by a terrace 70 feet higher, and this table-land continues nearly level about 20 m. further inland, when another terrace of about 70 feet higher rise leads to a third level tract. These steps are described by Bartram in his "Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, &c." (London, 1792); and their occurrence is confirmed, together with many other phenomena noticed by this traveller, by Lyell in his "Second Visit to the United States." These platforms have

distinct botanical characters, the prevailing forest trees as well as the smaller plants being different in each. The upper eocene table continues to ascend toward the N., till at Milledgeville, where it meets the metamorphic gneiss, the elevation is about 575 feet above the sea. The distance to the ocean is about 200 miles. Such a surface is admirably adapted for the location of a railroad; but the soil is poor and sandy, and forests of pine cover a large portion of the country. From the central portion of the state the surface of the country becomes more elevated, the hills increase in size toward the N., and the rivers descend more swiftly as they are traced toward their sources. The southern spurs of the Appalachians are reached in the Etowah hills of Carr and Cherokee counties, and the Amicolola hills of Gilmer and Lumpkin; and the Blue Ridge, ranging with these between Lumpkin and Habersham on the S. and Union co. on the N., constitutes the great water-shed that directs the streams on one side toward the Atlantic and on the other toward the Mississippi. In Cass co. the limestones of the lower silurian are met with just N. of the Etowah river, and the formation extends toward Tennessee, till in the N. E. corner of the state it is overlaid by later members of the paleozoic rocks, which finally are capped by the coal formation. Near the junction of the limestone with the metamorphic rocks immense deposits of iron ore are found, in the latter ranging N. E. from the S. E. corner of Cass through Cherokee. (See IRON.) Gold occurs in almost every county N. of the central line through the state, as will be noticed in the article GOLD. The copper veins worked in Polk co., Tenn., are traced across the line into Gilmer co. (See COPPER.) The other mineral productions of the state, except the limestones, and in the eocene region the marls and buhrstone of this formation, are of little importance.-The climate varies with the latitude, corresponding to that of adjoining regions in the neighboring states already described. The northern section of the state is a grain region, little or no cotton being grown in the mountain counties.-In 1850 there were in Georgia 22,821,379 acres of land occupied for farming purposes, and of this 6,378,479 acres were improved. This is about of the whole area. There were 51,759 farms and plantations, averaging 441 acres, and together valued at $95,753,445. Value of farming implements and machinery, $5,894,150. There were 14,578 cotton plantations, and 80 rice plantations, each raising 20,000 lbs. and over. Live stock: horses 151,331, asses and mules 57,379, milch cows 334,223, working oxen 73,286, other cattle 690,019, sheep 560,435, swine 2,168,617. Value of live stock, $25,728,416, and of animals slaughtered in the year, $6,339,762. Products in 1850 wheat 1,088,534 bushels, rye 53,750, oats 3,820,044, Indian corn 30,080,099, barley 11,501, buckwheat 250; potatoes, Irish, 227,379 bushels, and sweet 6,986,428; hay 23,449 tons; hops 261 lbs.; clover seed 132, and other

grass seeds 428 bushels; butter 4,640,559, and cheese 46,976 lbs.; peas and beans 1,142,011 bushels; produce of market gardens $76,500, and orchard products $92,176; beeswax and honey 732,514 lbs.; home-made manufactures $1,838,968; flax seed 622 bushels; flax 5,387 lbs.; maple sugar 50 lbs.; cane sugar 446,000 lbs.; molasses 216,245 galls.; ginned cotton 499,091 bales of 400 lbs., rough 38,950,691 lbs. ; tobacco 423,924 lbs.; wool 990,019 lbs.; silk cocoons 818 lbs.; wine 796 galls. Total value of agricultural products in 1840, $29,612,436, and in 1850, $46,686,151. Average crops (bushels) per acre: wheat 5, rye 7, corn 16, oats 18, cotton seed 500, peas and beans 5, potatoes, Irish, 125, sweet, 400. Manufacturing establishments 1,527; capital $5,460,483; raw material $3,404,917; hands-male 6,660, female 1,718; annual wages $1,712,304; annual products $7,086,525; profit 36.06 per cent. Cotton factories 35, capital $1,736,156, cotton used 20,230 bales, products $2,135 044. Woollen factories 3, capital $68,000, wool used 153,816 lbs., products $88,750. Iron works: pig 3, capital $26,000, products $57,300; castings 4, capital $35,000, products $46,200; wrought 3, capital $9,200, products $12,384. Distilleries and breweries 8, capital $9,230, products 60,450 galls. whiskey and high wines. In 1810 the value of manufactured products was $2,768,904; and in 1840, $3,856,677. The exports from Georgia for the year ending June 30, 1858, were valued at $9,597,559 (all domestic produce)-in American vessels $7,958,710, and in foreign vessels $1,638,849; and the imports at $411,650-in American vessels $332,740, and in foreign vessels $78,910. Tonnage: outward, 99,156 (71,631 American and 27,525 foreign), and inward 69,993 (44,378 American and 25,615 foreign). Of the tonnage cleared, 88,050 was at Savannah, 6,476 at Brunswick, 4,630 at St. Mary's; and of that entered 66,048 at Savannah, 1,366 at Brunswick, 2,579 at St. Mary's. Shipping owned: Savannah 37,239, Brunswick 611, St. Mary's 1,745; total, 89,595 tons. Shipping built in the year, 615 tons. In 1821 Georgia exported $6,014,310; in 1826, $4,368,504; in 1831, $3,959,813; in 1836, $10,722,200; in 1841, $3,696,513; in 1846, $2,708,033; in 1851, $9,159,989; in 1856, $8,091,688; in 1857, $10,857,634. Imports in 1821, $1,002,684; in 1826, $330,993; in 1831, $399,940; in 1836, $573,222; in 1841, $449,007; in 1846, $205,495; in 1851, $721,547; in 1856, $574,240; in 1857, $779,909. These figures, however, do not represent the whole commerce of the state, as the great bulk of its cotton, rice, &c., is carried coastwise to the northern ports, and to a considerable extent finds an outlet through Charleston and the ports of Florida. Its imports are also chiefly coastwise.-On Jan. 1, 1858, Georgia had 33 banks and 34 branch banks, with a capital of $10,711,190; specie, $1,500,000; circulation, $5,000,000.-The subjoined table exhibits the extent and cost of the railroads of Georgia as officially returned in 1858: