the code was indefinitely postponed by the legislature. He then repaired to Philadelphia, and studied law under the direction of William Rawle; he was admitted to the bar in 1829, and a few months later returned to his native state. An Essai historique sur la Louisiane (2 vols. 12mo.), which he published at that time, attracted attention; and he was soon elected by an almost unanimous vote a member of the state legislature for the city of New Orleans, and was chosen to write the congratulatory address which that body sent to France on occasion of the revolution of July, 1830. The next year he was appointed deputy attorney-general of the state, and in 1833 presiding judge of the city court of New Orleans. In 1835, although he had but just reached the constitutional age, the legislature elected him to the U. S. senate. Impaired health prevented his taking his seat, and by medical advice he went to Europe, where he remained for nearly 8 years. In 1844 he again entered the state legislature, and was reelected in 1846. Gov. Johnson appointed him secretary of state, and Gov. Walker, who succeeded Gov. Johnson, insisted upon his retaining the office. During his 7 years of official service as secretary, the banks were kept in a healthy condition, public education was fostered, and he succeeded in establishing a respectable state library, which now contains many valuable documents collected in the archives of France and Spain. At the same time his leisure was devoted to historical studies. He has published in French an Histoire de la Louisiane (2 yols. 8vo., New Orleans, 1847); and in English, the "Romance of the History of Louisiana" (12mo., New York, 1848), a lively and poetical introduction to a new history of the state; "Louisiana, its Colonial History and Romance" (Svo., New York, 1851); “Louisiana, its History as a French Colony" (2 vols. 8vo., New York, 1851-2); "History of the Spanish Domination in Louisiana, from 1769 to Dec. 1803" (New York, 1854). Mr. Gayarré has also published two lectures "On the Influence of the Mechanic Arts," delivered in New Orleans; a satirical drama, the "School for Politics;" and

an

Address to the People of the State on the late Frauds perpetrated at the Election held on the 7th of November, 1853, in the City of New Orleans." After this publication he left the democratic party to join the Americans, but he has since withdrawn from them, and now lives retired from political life.

GAZA (Arab. Ghazze or Ghuzze), a town of Syria, built partly on a steep hill, partly on the plain below, on the road leading to Egypt, between the Mediterranean and the desert; pop. about 16,000, of whom 200 or 300 are Christians. It is situated about 3 m. from the sea, in the neighborhood of rich gardens, is not fortified, and consists partly of mud cottages, partly of ruinous stone buildings, which are occupied by the government and chief citizens. It is an important entrepot for the caravan traffie between Egypt and Syria. It has few rel

ics of antiquity, and its only interesting edifice is a mosque which was originally a Christian church, founded, according to tradition, by the empress Helena. The ancient city of Gaza, which some suppose to have stood nearer the sea than the present town, is known in the Bible as the most southern of the 5 confederate cities of the Philistines, and is often mentioned, as for instance in the history of Samson. Its Hebrew name signifies "strong." On the conquest and division of Palestine by the Israelites, it was allotted to the tribe of Judah, which conquered it, but lost it again. It shared in the wars of the Philistines with the Hebrews. Having become a possession of Persia, it was taken after an obstinate siege by Alexander the Great (332 B. C.); nearly all its inhabitants perished during the assault, and its commander Batis, at the conqueror's order, was dragged around the walls at the wheels of a chariot. After Alexander's death it was taken by Antigonus, and witnessed the defeat of Demetrius Poliorcetes by Ptolemy (312). After the restoration of Jewish independence by the Maccabees, it was several times assaulted, besieged, and taken by the princes of that house. The Romans ceded it to Herod the Great. Under Nero it was taken by the revolted Jews. Constantine restored its ancient splendor, made it a bishopric, and gave it the name of Constantia, with various privileges. These were abolished by Julian the Apostate, and restored by his Christian successors. The Arabs took it (634), immediately after the death of Mohammed. The crusaders captured it in 1100, and from them it was wrested by Saladin. In the 13th century it witnessed the double defeat of the Christian armies by the Khovaresmians and of the emir of Damascus by the Egyptians, and in 1556 that of the Mamelukes by the Turks. In 1771 it was seized by the revolted Ali Bey, and in 1799 by the French under Kleber.-Another Gaza (correctly, Gazaca) was in Media Atropatene, a summer residence of the Median kings. Ruins of it are seen between Miana and Tabreez.

GAZA, THEODORE, one of those learned Greeks who contributed to the revival of letters in Italy, born in Thessalonica about 1400, died in Abruzzo in 1478. After the capture of his native town by the Turks in 1430 he fled to Italy, where he introduced a more exact knowledge than had before existed of the two principal philosophers of antiquity. He was a peripatetic, and devoted himself especially to translating into Latin the works of Aristotle. After assisting at the council of Florence in 1439, he taught Greek at Ferrara by the invitation of the duke, and founded there an academy. In 1455 he was called by Pope Nicholas V. to Rome, where he translated the "Problems" of Aristotle, and other Greek works. He afterward lived at Naples under the patronage of Alfonso the Magnanimous, and at Rome under that of Cardinal Bessarion. His translations were admired by the scholars of the 15th and 16th centuries.

GAZEL, or GHAZEL, a kind of lyric poem, consisting of from 5 to 17 stanzas of 2 lines each, all the second lines of which rhyme together. It is a favorite form in the poetry of the Turks and the Persians, and may be called the sonnet of the East. The last couplet always contains the real or assumed name of the author. The subjects treated in the gazel are either erotic and bacchanalian, or allegorical and mystical. Hafiz excels in this form of the lyric, and imitations of it have been made in German by Platen, Rückert, and others.

GAZELLE, the type of a group of the antelope family (see ANTELOPE), of beautiful form, small size, graceful carriage, and an expression of mildness and tenderness which has made it the emblem of womanly beauty in the amatory poetry of the eastern nations. Both sexes are provided with horns, nearly over the orbits, annulated and striated, nearly vertical, and bending outward and at the top inward in a lyrate form, and of a black color; the shape of the ancient lyre is said to have originated from using in its construction the horns and the frontal bone of antelopes, the strings being passed from a cross bar at their tips to a second fastened across the orbits; the bony core of the horn is solid. They have a small lachrymal sinus, inguinal pores, generally tufts upon the knees, a short dark-tufted tail, and 2 or 4 mammæ; the darker color of the sides is separated from the white of the abdomen by a very dark band; the eyes are prominent, dark colored, with a soft and gentle expression; the nose is ovine. They are gregarious, inhabiting the open and barren plains of northern Africa and western Asia, shy and difficult of approach, and extremely swift. The common gazelle, or Barbary antelope (gazella dorcas, H. Smith), the gazal of the Arabs, is generally regarded as the dopkas of Elian, and the tzebi of the Scriptures. It is a little less than the roebuck in size, with round, black, lyrated horns, about 13 inches long, with 12 or 13 bars, and sharp points turned forward; the general color is pale fulvous, extending down the front and outside of the limbs; the lips, nose, buttocks, under parts, and inside of legs white; a rufous tint on the forehead, blackish in the middle, and white and black streaks on the nose; eyes large, black, and lustrous. The horns in the female are more slender, and the points are turned inward; the mammæ are two. This species seems to be confined to the N. side of the Atlas mountains, Egypt, Abyssinia, Syria, Arabia, and S. Persia. They feed generally at dawn and at evening, approaching water, it is said, only once in 24 hours; they are hunted in various ways, and their flesh is excellent; they furnish food to great numbers of carnivorous animals. The kevel (G. kevella, H. Smith) is by some considered a mere variety of the gazelle; it is about the same size, but the head is longer, the horns more robust and longer, the orbits larger, the eyes fuller, and the geographical distribution to the south of the Atlas; the habits and general

disposition of the colors are the same as in the gazelle. The corinna of central Africa, described by Adanson, appears to be one or the other of the preceding species. Other gazelles are the m'hor of Mr. Bennett, and the nanguer of F. Cuvier, which are also supposed by many to be varieties of the G. dorcas. Sömmering's gazelle (G. Soemmeringii, Rüpp) is a very beautiful and delicate creature, about 24 feet high at the shoulder; the color above is a reddishgray isabella color, the buttocks, lower parts, and inside of the limbs white, and the median line of the forehead to the nose brownish black; it inhabits N. E. Africa.

GAZETTEER, a cyclopædia of geography. Stephen of Byzantium (probably in the 6th century) wrote a work of this kind, entitled Ethnica, of which only an epitome remains. The earliest noticeable modern gazetteers were by Ferrari (Milan, 1627), Baudrand (Paris, 1681-2), Laurence Echard (London, 1703-'4), and Thomas Corneille (Paris, 1708), which were all superseded by that of La Martinière (10 vols., the Hague, 1726-'30). An abridgment of this was made by Ladvocat (1747), under the assumed name of Vosgien. Of more recent gazetteers, the principal are those of Hübner, Staats-, Zeitungs-, &c., Lexikon (1804; revised and enlarged by Rüder, 1824); Hassel, Allgemeines geographisch-statistisches Lexikon (1817); Stein, Zeitungs-, Post- und Comtoir-Lexikon (1818); Möller, Geographischstatistisches Lexikon (1847); Ritter, Geographisch-statistisches Lexikon (4th ed., Leipsic, 1855); Hoffmann, Encyklopädie der Erd-, Völker- und Staatenkunde (Leipsic, 1855 et seq.); Kramers, Geographisch Woordenboek (Gouda, 1853); Castro, Gran dizionario geografico (Milan, 1855); Dictionnaire géographique universel, par une société de géographes (10 vols., Paris, 1823'33); Bescherelle, Grand dictionnaire de géographie universelle, ancienne et moderne (4 vols., Paris, 1856-7); J. R. McCulloch, "Geographical Dictionary" (2 vols., new ed., London, 1851; a New York edition, under the care of D. Haskel, had appeared in 1843); A. K. Johnston, "Dictionary of Geography" (London, 1851, 2d ed. 1855); W.G. Blackie, the "Imperial Gazetteer" (2 vols., Glasgow, 1855); the "Gazetteer of the World," published by Fullarton and co. (7 vols., Edinburgh, 1856); J. E. Worcester, "Universal Gazetteer" (2d ed., Boston, 1823); J. C. Smith, "Harper's Statistical Gazetteer of the World," (New York, 1855); J. Thomas and T. Baldwin, "Lippincott's Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World" (Philadelphia, 1856), and “Gazetteer of the United States" (Philadelphia, 1854); and R. H. Fisher, "Statistical Gazetteer of the United States" (New York, 1853).

GEAUGA, a N. E. co. of Ohio, drained by the sources of Cuyahoga, Grand, and Chagrin rivers; area, about 430 sq. m.; pop. in 1850, 17,827. It has an undulating surface, admirably adapted to pasturage. Sandstone and iron are abundant. The county produced in 1858 217,144 bushels of Indian corn, and 43,322 of

wheat. In 1850 there were 6 corn and flour mills, 6 saw mills, 2 woollen factories, 4 tanneries, 1 iron foundery, 2 newspaper offices, 40 churches, and 4,336 pupils attending public schools. Capital, Chardon.

GEBER, ABOU MOUSSAH DJAFAR AL SOFI, founder of the school of Arabian chemists in the 9th century A. D., born in Thus, Persia, or, according to Abulfeda, in Harran, Mesopotamia. He is reckoned by Cardan as one of the 12 subtlest geniuses of the world, and his authority was unrivalled among the alchemists of the middle ages. His works, only fragments of which remain, contain the germs of the belief in the transmutation of metals, and in the universal elixir, which he thought to be a solution of gold. They also contain curious and still useful details concerning the nature, fusion, purification, and malleability of metals. They have all been translated into Latin (Dantzic, 1682), and into English by Russell (London, 1678).

GECKO, a name applied to a family of nocturnal lizards (ascalabota of Duméril and Bibron), numerous in species, living in warm climates, and presenting characters of form, structure, and habits which make the group as distinct as that of the crocodiles or chameleons. Their size is small; the head wide, flattened, covered with scales, with marginal scuta at each jaw; the neck short; the body depressed, stout, thickest in the middle, without crest on the back, generally covered with small imbricated scales and scattered tubercles, smallest on the back; the tail moderate; the feet 5-toed, the thumb often very short, and the other fingers equal, flattened below and lobed at the end; the tongue is fleshy, short, slightly protractile, free and scarcely emarginate at the tip; the eyes very large, covered as in serpents by a transparent immovable lid, behind which these organs have free motion; the pupil vertical, and often linear as in nocturnal animals generally; the opening of the ear is distinct, and the tympanum depressed; there are no teeth on the palate, those of the jaws thin, entire, numerous, with cutting edges, and adhering to the internal margin; femoral pores occasionally present, but usually absent; beside the leaf-like expansion at the end of the toes, nails are generally present, capable of retraction, as in the cats, the latter favoring their progression in climbing on smooth surfaces. The tail is shorter than in ordinary lizards, and the flatness and width of the head give them somewhat the aspect of salamanders; the mouth is deeply cleft, and the widely expanded jaws may be kept open for a long time, the cavity of the mouth being shut off from the throat by the application of the base of the tongue to the posterior part of the palate; from the shortness of the robust legs, the abdomen touches the ground in walking. This reptile is mentioned by Aristotle, and the modern name gecko is derived from the sound made by some of the Indian species, resembling the click of the hostler urging on his horses, and was first given by Laurenti; this

genus was the ascalabotes of Aristotle, the stellio of Pliny, and the tarentola of the ancient Italians. Their colors are generally gray or yellowish, but some have brighter tints which can be varied like those of the chameleon, probably by the same changes in the reflecting surface of the integuments; the sides of the body, limbs, and tail are sometimes fringed with membranes. In many species there is a line of pores along and under the thighs, from which a fatty moisture distils; some species of a genus will have these, and others not, and sometimes one sex only will be destitute of them. The tail, as in salamanders, is ruptured with facility, and is reproduced readily, often in a deformed manner. Their food consists of larvæ and insects, which they pursue into their leafy retreats; the imbricated plates on the bottom of their feet, like those of the tree frog and flies, enable them to climb smooth walls and similar surfaces, and to adhere to them with the back downward; by means of their sharp, curved, retractile claws, they can ascend trees and rough objects with ease and rapidity; from the quickness of their movements, their suddenly becoming motionless, and remaining so for a long time, and their resemblance to the colors of the substances on which they are placed, they are difficult to obtain, and not easy even to see; they hunt for food both by day and night; the same qualities which fit them for the pursuit of living prey enable them to escape their bird enemies. These reptiles are very generally objects of horror and repugnance, from the prevalent but erroneous idea that they exude a poison so powerful and subtle that their touch, a drop of their saliva, or a scratch with their nails, will produce leprosy and other cutaneous diseases, often ending fatally. They like to approach human habitations, as there they find in greatest abundance their insect food; their ill-shaped body, smooth or spiny, dull colors, large head, their enormous staring eyes, rapid and silent motions, and familiarity in houses, render them very disagreeable, but by no means dangerous inmates. Found in all warm climates, they are very uncommon in Europe (2 or 3 species), and most abundant in Asia, America, and Africa, and the Pacific islands are well supplied with them. They have been divided into genera according to the form and structure of their toes; but these generic characters in a family so nearly alike in its members are very unsatisfactory, and great and unnecessary multiplication of genera has been the result of the labors of various systematists. The arrangement of Duméril and Bibron, which differs but little from that proposed by Cuvier in 1829, is as follows: 1. Platydactylus (Dum. and Bibr.), with toes enlarged for their whole length, with finely plicated stria beneath; of those species having the feet cloven, some have all the toes unarmed, others all unguiculate, others with the thumb only or with the 2d and 3d fingers unarmed; of those with palmated feet the fingers are either all unguicu

lated, or the thumb alone is unarmed; there are about 20 species, of which the varieties have been made into genera by Fitzinger, Wiegmann, Kuhl, and others. 2. Hemidactylus (Cuv.), with the toes widened only at the base into an oval disk striated beneath; about 15 species. 3. Ptyodactylus (Cuv.), with the toes enlarged at the extremity into a cleft oval disk, striated below like a fan, and all armed with claws; destitute of femoral pores; 4 described species. 4. Phyllodactylus (Gray), with the terminal disk as in the last genus, except that 2 plates take the place of the fan-like striæ; 8 species. 5. Sphæriodactylus (Cuv.), small species, with the toes ending in a single, simple, smooth cushion; nails absent, as well as femoral pores; 3 species. 6. Gymnodactylus (Spix), with toes not widened, but striated beneath; 12 species. 7. Stenodactylus (Fitz.), with simple toes, granulated below, and all provided with nails; with a single species. As specimens of this animal the following may be mentioned: The eyed gecko (Pl. ocellatus, Oppel.), from southern Africa, is one of the smallest species, being only 2 inches long, of which the head is and the body; the color above is brown with white spots, beneath white, spotted with black on the throat; it is called geitje by the natives. The cepedian gecko (Pl. cepedianus, Cuv.), from Madagascar and Mauritius, is about 7 inches long, of a rose color marbled with blue; the thumb of the fore foot is a short stump. The smooth gecko (Pl. theconyx, Dum. and Bibr.), from the West Indies and South America, is about 5 inches long, has very fine scales, and is gray marbled with brown. The Pl. Seychellensis (Dum. and Bibr.), of a fulvous color, is 10 inches long. The wall gecko (Pl. muralis, Dum. and Bibr.; Pl. facetanus, Aldrov.) is 6 inches long, of a grayish color, the upper part of the body and head rough; this species occurs all around the Mediterranean, and conceals itself in walls and stone heaps, delighting to cover itself with dirt and filth; it likes the heat of the sun, and though beneficial in houses by destroying insects and vermin, is generally feared and persecuted, like the toad and other useful creatures. The common gecko (Pl. guttatus, Cuv.) of the continent of Asia and its archipelago is 11 inches long, of which the tail is about half; the general color is dark gray, with whitish spots. A common gecko in the walls of houses in the West Indies is the H. mabouia (Cuv.), about 5 inches long, of a grayish color marbled with brown, with the posterior half of the tail ringed with black. The house gecko (Pt. Hasselquistii, Dum. and Bibr.), found in Egypt, Arabia, and countries bordering on the eastern part of the Mediterranean, is about 5 inches long, of a reddish gray color, spotted with white and pale brown, and whitish below; it is common in the damp and gloomy parts of houses, and is called at Cairo "father of leprosy," from the belief that it communicates this disease to persons who partake of food over which this animal has walked the poison being supposed to ex

ude from the lobes of the toes. The truth is, that neither its bite nor any of its secretions are hurtful to man or beast; cats pursue it and eat it eagerly; the Egyptians are said to keep it from their kitchens by large quantities of garlic. The fringed gecko (Pt. fimbriatus, Cuv.), from Madagascar, attains a length of 12 inches. The spitting gecko (Sph. sputator, Cuv.), from St. Domingo and the West Indies, is a little more than 2 inches long, banded with black and white; it receives its name from its supposed habit of ejecting its saliva when irritated, causing swelling and inflammation of the parts which it touches; this is a mere fable. The flat-tailed gecko (G. phyllurus, Dum. and Bibr.) has the tail flattened like a leaf, and the upper part of the body rough with spines; it is a native of Australia, and is about 9 inches long, dark gray marbled with blackish above, and whitish beneath.

GED, WILLIAM, a Scottish mechanic, and the inventor of stereotyping, born in Edinburgh about 1700, died Oct. 19, 1749. He was originally a goldsmith in his native city, and is said to have first attempted stereotyping in 1725. In 1729 he entered into partnership with William Fenner, a London stationer, in order to carry his invention into regular practice, Fenner advancing the necessary capital on condition of receiving half the profits. Other partners subsequently joined the firm. In 1730 the company contracted with the university of Cambridge for the printing of Bibles and prayer books by stereotype, and invested a large sum of money in the speculation; but when only two prayer books were finished the contract had to be surrendered, owing, as Ged alleged, to the malignant mismanagement of the pressmen, who were hostile to the innovation, and the disreputable conduct of some of his associates. În 1733 he returned to Edinburgh, where in 1736 he completed an edition of Sallust, which was not published till 1744, and was inaccurately executed. At the time of his death Ged was about to form a partnership in London with his son James for the purpose of attempting once more to test the value of his invention.

GEDDES, ALEXANDER, a Scotch Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, born in Arradowl, Banffshire, Sept. 4, 1737, died in London, Feb. 26, 1802. He was educated at the Scotch college in Paris, where he distinguished himself as a theologian and linguist. In 1769 he was appointed pastor of a Catholic congregation at Auchinhalrig in his native county. In 1780 he removed to London with the intention of commencing a new translation of the Bible for the use of English Catholics; and under the patronage of Lord Petre, who allowed him £200 a year, and provided him with all the necessary authorities, he applied himself to his work. His original design was to make the Vulgate the basis of his translation, but he soon abandoned this idea, and substituted the Hebrew and Greek versions in its stead. The 1st and 2d volumes of this translation appeared in 1792 and 1793; the 3d,

which was merely a commentary on the Pentateuch, in 1800; the rest of the work was never published. This translation is a tolerable performance, although the commentary is remarkable for the superficial and frivolous tone in which it advances rationalistic ideas. Immediately after the publication of his commentary, the reading of his work was forbidden to the faithful, and the author was deposed from the priesthood. A life of Geddes, containing a catalogue of his works, has been written by Dr. John Mason Good (1 vol. 8vo., London, 1803). GEEFS, GUILLAUME, a Belgian sculptor, born in Antwerp, Sept. 10, 1806. After completing his studies he went to Paris, where he spent some time in the studio of M. Ramey. Soon after returning to Belgium he obtained a commission from the Belgian government to execute a monument to the memory of the victims of the revolution of 1830. The execution of this work, and of a monument to Count Frederic de Merode and a statue of Gen. Belliard, both of whom fell in that struggle, placed Geefs at the head of his profession in Belgium. He is also eminent as a poetic and imaginative sculptor, as is proved by his "Geneviève de Brabant," "Francesca di Rimini," "Fisherman's Daughter," ," "Infant St. John," and many similar works. Beside the monuments above alluded to, M. Geefs has executed a statue of Rubens which stands in the Place Verte at Antwerp, a colossal marble statue of King Leopold for the vestibule of the national palace, and a monumental statue of Charlemagne for the church of St. Gervais at Maestricht.

GEELONG, a town of S. Australia, and next to Melbourne the most important place in Victoria colony, is pleasantly situated in Grant co., on the S. W. shore of Port Philip, at the head of Corio or Geelong bay, 40 m. from Melbourne, in lat. 38° 8' S., long. 144° 25' E. Since the discovery in 1851 of the gold fields of Ballarat, 40 m. from Geelong, the town has rapidly risen in importance, and the population increased from 2,000 in 1846 to 23,338 according to the census taken on March 29, 1857. Its revenue increased from £2,785 in 1851 to £10,697 in 1852. The total valuation of ratable property in 1857 was £276,718. The quantity of gold dust brought to Melbourne and Geelong in 1851 was 2,829,375 ounces. In the early part of that year serious riots took place at the diggings near Geelong, in consequence of the miners resisting the payment of the license fees. This led to the abolition of the license fee and to the imposition of a tax on the export of gold. Geelong is also a chief centre for the wool trade, and carries on an extensive trade by means of the small but fine harbor of Corio, which is enclosed by picturesque green cliffs. Large vessels discharge at Port Henry, 10 m. down the bay. The surrounding country is very beautiful, the soil fertile, and the climate healthy. The town is adorned with numerous cottages and gardens, possesses an industrial school, a chamber of commerce, churches, schools, and charitable in

stitutions. It is well supplied with water. Telegraphic communication has been established between Geelong, Melbourne, Ballarat, and since 1857 also with the other gold fields. A railway to Melbourne is in construction.

GEER, KARL DE, baron, a Swedish naturalist, born in Finspang in 1720, died in Stockholm, March 8, 1778. He studied at Utrecht and Upsal, was a pupil of Linnæus, and published Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes (8 vols. 4to., Stockholm, 1752-'78), containing descriptions of more than 1,500 species, accompanied with excellent illustrations. To this the Genera et Species Insectorum of Retzius (Leipsic, 1783) may be regarded as a supplement. De Geer also published several other zoological works. By the king of Sweden he was raised to the dignities of marshal of the court and commander of the order of Vasa. He was a member of the academy of sciences at Stockholm, to which he left his valuable collections in natural history.

GEERTS, CHARLES HENRI, a Belgian sculptor and wood-carver, born in Antwerp in 1808, died in 1855. He was professor at the academy in Louvain. Among his principal works are "Christ sinking under the Weight of the Cross," in Leyden; a Madonna in the museum of Brussels; the "Mater Dolorosa" and "St. John" in Bristol. At the great exhibition of 1851 he gained a prize medal for his chief contribution, the "Coronation of the Virgin.”

GEFLE, a seaport town of Sweden, and capital of the lan or province of Gefleborg, situated near the gulf of Bothnia and the mouth of the river of its name, 92 m. N. N. W. from Stockholm; pop. 9,000. Its most important public edifices are the castle, town hall, prison, gymnasium, and church. The chief manufactures are tobacco, linen, sail cloth, cards, and leather. There are two ship yards and an excellent harbor.

GEHENNA (Heb. Ghe-Hinnom, the vale of Hinnom), a valley adjacent to Jerusalem, on the S. and S. W., also called Tophet, and often mentioned in Scripture in connection with the idolatrous rites of Moloch, which were there celebrated. From the abhorrence with which the Jews after the captivity regarded this worship, the valley was made the common sewer of the city, and a receptacle for all its refuse, which was there consumed by fire. In the New Testament the name is transferred by an easy metaphor to hell.

GEIBEL, EMANUEL, a German poet, born in Lübeck, Oct. 18, 1815. He became associated in 1836 at Berlin with Chamisso, Gaudy, and Kugler. In 1852 he became professor of æsthetics in the university of Munich. He has written sonnets, dramas, operas, and other poems, marked by delicacy of sentiment and a religious tone. In 1857 appeared his tragedy of Brunhilde, and in 1858 a 4th edition of his Neue Gedichte.

GEIGER, ABRAHAM, a German rabbi and orientalist, born in Frankfort-on-the-Main, May 24, 1810. He pursued his studies in the uni