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3, 6. Of the sorts of substances.

4. No clear idea of substance in general.

5. As clear an idea of spirit as body.

7. Powers a great part of our complex idea of substances.

8. And why.

9. Three sorts of ideas make our complex ones of substances.

10. Powers make a great part of our complex ideas of substances.

11. The now secondary qualities of bodies would disappear, if

we could discover the primary ones of their minute parts.

12. Our faculties of discovery suited to our state.

13. Conjecture about spirits.

14. Complex ideas of substance.

15. Idea of spiritual substances as clear as of bodily substances.

16. No idea of abstract substance.

17. The cohesion of solid parts, and impulse, the primary ideas

of body.

18. Thinking and motivity the primary ideas of spirit.

19-21. Spirits capable of motion.

22. Idea of soul and body compared.

23-27. Cohesion of solid parts in body, as hard to be conceived

as thinking in a soul.

28, 29. Communication of motion by impulse, or by thought, equally

intelligible.

30. Ideas of body and spirit compared.

31. The notion of spirit involves no more difficulty in it than

that of body.

32. We know nothing beyond our simple ideas.

33-35. Idea of God.

36. No ideas in our complex one of spirits, but those got from

sensation or reflection.

37. Recapitulation.

SECT.

་

SECT.

1. One idea.

2. Made by the power of composing in the mind. '

3. All artificial things are collective ideas.

CHAPTER XXV.

CHAPTER XXIV.

OF COLLECTIVE IDEAS OF SUBSTANCES.

1. Relation, what.

2. Relations, without correlative terms, not easily perceived.

3. Some seemingly absolute terms contain relations.

4. Relation different from the things related.

5. Change of relation may be without any change in the

subject.

6. Relation only betwixt two things.

7. All things capable of relation.

8. The ideas of relation clearer often, than of the subjects

11. Conclusion.

related.

9. Relations all terminate in simple ideas.

10. Terms leading the mind beyond the subjects denominated,

are relative.

SECT.

OF RELATION.

SECT.

OF CAUSE AND EFFECT, AND OTHER RELATIONS.

1. Whence their ideas got.

2. Creation, generation, making alteration.

3, 4. Relations of time.

CHAPTER XXVI.

5. Relations of place and extension.

6. Absolute terms often stand for relations.

CHAPTER XXVII.

OF IDENTITY AND DIVERSITY.

1. Wherein identity consists.

2. Identity of substances.

Identity of modes.

3. Principium individuationis.

4. Identity of vegetables.

5. Identity of animals.

6. Identity of man.

7. Identity suited to the idea.

8. Same man.

9. Personal identity.

10. Consciousness makes personal identity.

11. Personal identity in change of substances.

12-15. Whether in the change of thinking substances.

16. Consciousness makes the same person.

17. Self depends on consciousness.

18-20. Objects of reward and punishment.

21, 22. Difference between identity of man and person.

23-25. Consciousness alone makes self.

26, 27. Person a forensic term.

28. The difficulty from ill use of names.

29. Continued existence makes identity.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

SECT.

OF OTHER RELATIONS.

1. Proportional.

2. Natural.

3. Instituted.

4. Moral.

5. Moral good and evil.

6. Moral rules.

7. Laws.

8. Divine law, the measure of sin and duty.

9. Civil law, the measure of crimes and innocence.

10, 11. Philosophical law, the measure of virtue and vice.

12. Its enforcements, commendation, and discredit.

13. These three laws the rules of moral good and evil.

14, 15. Morality is the relation of actions to these rules.

16. The denominations of actions often mislead us.

17. Relations innumerable.

18. All relations terminate in simple ideas.

19. We have ordinarily as clear (or clearer) notions of the

relation, as of its foundation.

20. The notion of the relation is the same, whether the rule,
any action is compared to, be true or false.

CHAPTER XXIX.

OF CLEAR AND DISTINCT, OBSCURE AND CONFUSED IDEAS.

SECT.

1. Ideas, some clear and distinct, others obscure and confused.

2. Clear and obscure, explained by sight.

3. Causes of obscurity.

4. Distinct and confused, what.

5. Objection.

6. Confusion of ideas, is in reference to their names.

7. Defaults which make confusion. First, complex ideas

made up of too few simple ones.

8. Secondly, or its simple ones jumbled disorderly together.

9. Thirdly, or are mutable or undetermined.

10. Confusion, without reference to names, hardly conceivable.

11. Confusion concerns always two ideas.

12. Causes of confusion.

13. Complex ideas may be distinct in one part, and confused

in another.

14. This, if not heeded, causes confusion in our arguings.

15. Instance in eternity.

16.

Divisibility of matter.

CHAPTER XXX.

OF REAL AND FANTASTICAL IDEAS.

SECT.

1. Real ideas are conformable to their archetypes.

2. Simple ideas all real.

3. Complex ideas are voluntary combinations.

4. Mixed modes, made of consistent ideas, are real.

5. Ideas of substances are real, when they agree with the

existence of things.

CHAPTER XXXI.

OF ADEQUATE AND INADEQUATE IDEAS.

SECT.

1. Adequate ideas are such as perfectly represent their arche-

types.

2. Simple ideas all adequate.

3. Modes are all adequate.

4, 5. Modes, in reference to settled names, may be inadequate.

6, 7. Ideas of substances, as referred to real essences, not

adequate.

8-11. Ideas of substances, as collections of their qualities, are all

inadequate.

12. Simple ideas ExTUTα, and adequate.

13. Ideas of substances are ExTUTα, and inadequate.

14. Ideas of modes and relations are archetypes, and cannot

but be adequate.

CHAPTER XXXII.

OF TRUE AND FALSE IDEAS.

SECT.

1. Truth and falsehood properly belongs to propositions.

2. Metaphysical truth contains a tacit proposition.