3. No idea, as an appearance in the mind, true or false.

4. Ideas referred to any thing, may be true or false.

5. Other men's ideas, real existence, and supposed real essences,

are what men usually refer their ideas to.

6-8. The cause of such references.

9. Simple ideas may be false in reference to others of the

same name, but are least liable to be so.

10. Ideas of mixed modes most liable to be false in this sense.

11. Or at least to be thought false.

12. And why.

13. As referred to real existences, none of our ideas can be

false, but those of substances.

14, 16. First, simple ideas in this sense not false, and why.

15. Though one man's idea of blue should be different from

another's.

17. Secondly, modes not false.

18. Thirdly, ideas of substances, when false.

19. Truth or falsehood always supposes affirmation or negation.

20. Ideas in themselves neither true nor false.

21. But are false, first, when judged agreeable to another

man's idea without being so.

22. Secondly, when judged to agree to real existence, when

they do not.

23. Thirdly, when judged adequate without being so.

24. Fourthly, when judged to represent the real essence.

25. Ideas, when false.

26. More properly to be called right or wrong.

27. Conclusion.

SECT.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

OF THE ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS.

1. Something unreasonable in most men.

2. Not wholly from self-love.

3. Nor from education.

4. A degree of madness.

5. From a wrong connexion of ideas.

6. This connexion how made.

7, 8. Some antipathies an effect of it.
9. A great cause of errors.

10-12. Instances.

13. Why time cures some disorders in the mind, which reason

cannot.

14-16. Farther instances of the effects of the association of ideas.

17. Its influence on intellectual habits.

18. Observable in different sects.

19. Conclusion.

SECT.

BOOK III.

OF WORDS.

CHAPTER I.

OF WORDS OR LANGUAGE IN GENERAL.

1. Man fitted to form articulate sounds.

2. To make them signs of ideas.

3, 4. To make general signs.

5. Words ultimately derived from such as signify sensible ideas.

6. Distribution.

SECT.

CHAPTER II.

OF THE SIGNIFICATION OF WORDS.

1. Words are sensible signs necessary for communication.

2, 3. Words are the sensible signs of his ideas who uses them.

4. Words often secretly referred, first, to the ideas in other

men's minds.

5. Secondly, to the reality of things.

6. Words by use readily excite ideas.

7. Words often used without signification.

8. Their signification perfectly arbitrary.

1. The greatest part of words general.

2. For every particular thing to have a name, is impossible.

3, 4. And useless.

5. What things have proper names.

6-8. How general words are made.

9. General natures are nothing but abstract ideas.

10. Why the genus is ordinarily made use of in definitions.
11. General and universal are creatures of the understanding.
12. Abstract ideas are the essences of the genera and species.
13. They are the workmanship of the understanding, but have
their foundation in the similitude of things.

14. Each distinct abstract idea is a distinct essence.

15. Real and nominal essence.

16. Constant connexion between the name and nominal essence.

17. Supposition, that species are distinguished by their real

essences, useless.

18. Real and nominal essence the same in simple ideas and
modes, different in substances.

19. Essences ingenerable and incorruptible.

20. Recapitulation.

SECT.

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE NAMES OF SIMPLE IDEAS.

1. Names of simple ideas, modes, and substances, have each

something peculiar.

2. First, names of simple ideas and substances, intimate real

existence.

3. Secondly, names of simple ideas and modes signify always

both real and nominal essence.

4. Thirdly, names of simple ideas undefinable.

5. If all were definable, it would be a process in infinitum.

6. What a definition is.

7. Simple ideas, why undefinable.

8, 9. Instances, motion.

10. Light.

11. Simple ideas, why undefinable further explained.

12, 13. The contrary showed in complex ideas by instances of a

statue and rainbow.

14. The names of complex ideas when to be made intelligible

by words.

15. Fourthly, names of simple ideas least doubtful.

16. Fifthly, simple ideas have few ascents in linea prædi-

camentali.

17. Sixthly, names of simple ideas stand for ideas not at all

arbitrary.

SECT.

CHAPTER V.

OF THE NAMES OF MIXED MODES AND RELATIONS.

1. They stand for abstract ideas as other general names.

2. First, the ideas they stand for are made by the under-

standing.

3. Secondly, made arbitrarily, and without patterns.

4. How this is done.

5. Evidently arbitrary, in that the idea is often before the

existence.

6. Instances, murder, incest, stabbing.

7. But still subservient to the end of language.

8. Whereof the intranslatable words of divers languages are a

proof.

9. This shows species to be made for communication.

10, 11. In mixed modes, it is the name that ties the combination
together, and makes it a species.

12. For the originals of mixed modes, we look no farther than
the mind, which also shows them to be the workmanship
of the understanding.

13. Their being made by the understanding without patterns,
shows the reason why they are so compounded.

14. Names of mixed modes stand always for their real essences.
15. Why their names are usually got before their ideas.
16. Reason of my being so large on this subject.

SECT.

CHAPTER VI.

OF THE NAMES OF SUBSTANCES.

1. The common names of substances stand for sorts.

2. The essence of each sort is the abstract idea.

3. The nominal and real essence different.

4-6. Nothing essential to individuals.

7, 8. The nominal essence bounds the species.

9. Not the real essence, which we know not.

10. Not substantial forms, which we know less.

11. That the nominal essence is that whereby we distinguish

species, farther evident from spirits.

12. Whereof there are probably numberless species.

13. The nominal essence that of the species, proved from water

and ice.

14-18. Difficulties against a certain number of real essences.

19. Our nominal essences of substances not perfect collections

of properties.

21. But such a collection as our name stands for.

22. Our abstract ideas are to us the measure of species. In-

stances in that of man.

23. Species not distinguished by generation.

24. Not by substantial forms.

25. The specific essences are made by the mind.

26, 27. Therefore very various and uncertain.

28. But not so arbitrary as mixed modes.

29. Though very imperfect.

30. Which yet serve for common converse.

31. But make several essences signified by the same name.

32. The more general our ideas are, the more incomplete and

partial they are.

33. This all accommodated to the end of speech.

34. Instance in cassuaris.

35. Men make the species. Instance, gold.

36. Though nature makes the similitude.

37. And continues it in the races of things.

38. Each abstract idea is an essence.

39. Genera and species are in order to naming. Instance, watch.

40. Species of artificial things less confused than natural.

41. Artificial things of distinct species.

42. Substances alone have proper names.

43. Difficulty to treat of words with words.

44, 45. Instance of mixed modes in kineah and niouph.

46, 47. Instance of substances in zahab.

48. Their ideas imperfect, and therefore various.

49. Therefore to fix their species a real essence is supposed.

50. Which supposition is of no use.

51. Conclusion.

1. Particles connect parts, or whole sentences together.

2. In them consists the art of well speaking.

3, 4. They show what relation the mind gives to its own thoughts.

5. Instance in But.

6. This matter but lightly touched here.

SECT.

CHAPTER VIII.

OF ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE TERMS.

1. Abstract terms not predicable one of another, and why.
2. They show the difference of our ideas.

SECT.

CHAPTER IX.

OF THE IMPERFECTION OF WORDS.

1. Words are used for recording and communicating our

thoughts.

2. Any words will serve for recording.

3. Communication by words, civil or philosophical.

4. The imperfection of words, is the doubtfulness of their

signification.

5. Causes of their imperfection.

6. The names of mixed modes doubtful: first, because the ideas

they stand for are so complex.

7. Secondly, because they have no standards.

8. Propriety not a sufficient remedy.

9. The way of learning these names contributes also to their

doubtfulness.

10. Hence unavoidable obscurity in ancient authors.