their prejudices frequently assailed in the following pages. The Author has ventured to see the country with other eyes than those of Monks; and to make the Scriptures, rather than Bede or Adamnanus, his guide in visiting "the Holy Places;"-to attend more to a single chapter, nay, a single verse, of the Gospel, than to all the legends and traditions of the Fathers of the Church. In perusing the remarks concerning Calvary and Mount Sion, the Reader is requested to observe, that such were the Author's observations, not only upon the spot, but after collating and comparing with his own notes the evidences afforded by every writer upon the topography of Jerusalem, to which he has subsequently had access. It is impossible to reconcile the history of antient Jerusalem with the appearance presented by the modern city; and this discordance, rather than any positive conviction in the Author's mind, led to the survey he has ventured to publish. If his notions, after all, be deemed, by some readers, inadmissible, as it is very probable they will, yet even these, by the suggestion of new documents, both in the account given of the inscriptions he found to the south of what is now called Mount Sion, as well as of the monuments to which those inscriptions belong, may assist in reconciling a confused topography'. Quaresmius, stating

the

(1) The generality of Readers, who have perused the different accounts published concerning the Holy Land, have not perhaps remarked the extent of the confusion prevailing in the topographical descriptions of Jerusalem; probably, because they have not compared those writings with any general plan of the city. To give a single example : almost every traveller, from the time of Brocardus to that of Mons. De Châteaubriand,

mentions

2

the several causes of that heretical kind of pilgrimage in the Holy Land, which he describes as profane, vitious, and detestable," certainly enumerates many of the motives which induced the Author to visit that country, and therefore classes him among the "NONNULLOS NEBULONES OCCIDENTALES HÆRETICOS, whose remarks he had heard with so much indignation'. But, in doing this, he places him in company which he is proud to keep,-among men, who do not believe themselves one jot nearer to salvation by their approximation to Mount Calvary, nor by all the indulgences, beads, rosaries, and crucifixes, manufactured and sold by the jobbers of Jerusalem among men, who, in an age when feelings and opinions upon such subjects were manifestly different from those now maintained, with great humbleness of spirit, and matchless simplicity of language, expected remission of sin no other ways, but only in the name, and for the merits, of our Lord Jesus Christ; "-who undertook their pilgrimage, "not to get any thing by it, as by a good work; nor to visit stone and wood to obtain indulgence; nor with opinion to come nearer to Christ" by visiting

mentions the "Mountain of Offence," where Solomon sacrificed to strange gods. According to Brocardus and to Adrichomius, this mountain is the northern point of the Mount of Olives, (Vid. Brocard. Itin. 6. Adrichom. Theat. Terr. Sanct. p. 171. Colon. 1628.) and therefore to the east or north-east of Jerusalem. Maundrell, (p. 102. Journ. from Alep. to Jerus. Oxf. 1721.) and also Pococke, (Descrip. of the East, Plan facing p. 7. vol. II. Lond. 1745,) make it the southern point. Sandys (Trav. p. 186. Lond. 1637) places this mountain to the south-west of the city.

(2) Quaresmius, "De externâ profanâ, sed detestabili ac vitiosâ Peregrinatione." Vid. Elucidatio Terræ Sanctæ, lib. iii, c. 34. Antv. 1639.

(3) Ibid. lib. v. cap. 14.

visiting Jerusalem, "because all these things are directly contrary to Scripture ;" but to "increase the general stock of useful knowledge," to "afford the Reader both profit and pleasure; that those who have no opportunity to visit foreign countries may have them before their eyes, as in a map, to contemplate; that others may be excited further to inquire into these things, and induced to travel themselves into those parts;" that they may be "instructed in the customs, laws, and orders, of men;" that the " present state, condition, situation, and manners of the world may be surveyed and described; not by transcribing what others' have written," but by fairly stating what "they have themselves seen, experienced, and handled," so that their “ pains and diligence be not altogether vain.”

Such were the motives, and such was the language, of a traveller in the Holy Land, so long ago as the middle of the sixteenth century; who, with the liberal spirit of an enlightened

(1) See the Travels of Leonhart Rauwolff, a German physician, as published by Ray, in 1693. The words included by inverted commas are literally taken from Ray's translation of that work. (See the Epist. to Widtholtz, Christel, and Bemer. Also Trav. part 3. chap. iv. p. 290.) Rauwolff was at Jerusalem in 1575. (See chap. viii. p. 315.) The religious opinions he professed, and his disregard of indulgences, roused the indignation of the monks, particularly of the learned Quaresmius, a Franciscan friar, who wrote a most elaborate description of the Holy Land, already cited. This was published at Antwerp in 1639, in two large folio volumes, with plates. Referring to the passages here introduced from Rauwolff's book, Quaresmius exclaims, "Quid amplius Rauchvvolfius? Ecce in ipso Monte Sion derepentè in Prædicantem transformatus concionari cœpit, et ne tam insignem concionem ignoraremus literis eam mandavit quam ex Germaredundet ; sed ne nico idiomate in Latinum transtulit P. Gretserus, ut ad exteros quoque Atqui, & prædicantice Medice! recte ol'stat, illam etiam rejicit. Audiamus. profectò dicis; nihil penitus peregrinatione tuâ, aut impetrásti, aut meritus es!" resmii Elucid. Terr. Sanct. lib. iii. cap. 34. tom. I. p. 836. Antv. 1639.

enlightened and pious Protestant, thus ventured to express his sentiments, when the bonfires for burning heretics were as yet hardly extinguished in this country. Writing five and thirty years before Sandys began his journey, and two centuries and a half before Mons. De Châteaubriand published his entertaining narrative, he offers an example singularly contrasted with the French author's legendary detail'; wherein the chivalrous and bigoted spirit of the eleventh century seems singularly associated, with the taste, the genius, and the literature, of the nineteenth.

P. S. In the Preface to the First Part of these Travels, some acknowledgment was made to those who had assisted the author in the progress of his work'. This pleasing duty will now be renewed. The interesting Notices of the Rev.

(2) Sandys began his Journey in 1610. (3) Here," says Mons. De Châteaubriand, "I saw, on the right, the place where dwelt the indigent Lazarus; and, on the opposite side of the street, the residence of the obdurate rich man." Afterwards he proceeds to state, that "St. Chrysostom, St. Ambrose, and St. Cyril, have looked upon the history of Lazarus and the rich man as not merely a parable, but a real and well-known fact. The Jews themselves," says he, "have preserved the name of the rich man, whom they call Nabal." (See Travels in Greece, Palæstine, &c. vol. II. pp. 26, 27. Lond. 1811.) Mons. De Châteaubriand does not seem to be aware, that Nabal is an appellation used by the Jews to denote any covetous person.

(4) See the interesting description given by Mons. De Châteaubriand of the Monkish ceremony which conferred upon him the order of "a Knight of the Holy Sepulchre." Ibid. pp. 176, 177.

(5) See Preface to Part the First, p. xi. Second Edition.

1

Rev. REGINALD HEBER gave a value to the former publication, which it could not otherwise have possessed; and, in the copious extracts which the author has here afforded, from the classical journals of travellers already conspicuous in the literary world, a similar advantage is already anticipated. The Rev. ROBERT WALPOLE, M. A. of Trinity College, Cambridge', has liberally permitted the use of his written observations in Greece, throughout the whole, not only of the present, but also of the subsequent Volume; completing the Second Part of these Travels. Wherever reference has been made to those observations, the author, consistently with his former plan, has been careful to give Mr. Walpole's intelligence in his own words, exactly as they have been transcribed from his original manuscript.

A similar obligation has been conferred by J. B.S. MORRITT, Esq. in the interesting account taken from his Journal of the present state of Halicarnassus and of Cnidus, and published in the Notes to the Seventh Chapter; also for the plan which accompanies his description of the Ruins of Cnidus. This last communication will peculiarly claim regard, in being

(1) The learned Author of Essays bearing his name in the Herculanensia. 4to. Lond. 1810. See his former communications to this Work, Part the First, p. 615. Note (4.) Second Edition. Mr. Walpole is also known as the Editor of Comicorum Græcorum Fragmenta, and of other dissertations equally remarkable for their taste and classical erudition.

(2) Celebrated for his controversy with the late Jacob Bryant, on the subject of Homer's Poems and the War of Troy. It is to be regretted, that so much of Mr. Morritt's Journals still remain unpublished; particularly as they contain observations respecting a very considerable part of Asia Minor, of which our information is remarkably deficient.