CHAP.XVIII. of the Romulus at anchor. As we drew near, the Captain's barge came to meet us, and we quitted our vessel. Suddenly, as the boat's crew pulled stoutly for the frigate, a shout from all the sailors on board was repeated from the barge, the men standing with their oars erect, and waving their hats. Supposing this to be intended as an expression of welcome, upon the return of the Captain, we congratulated him upon the mark of attachment manifested by his This worthy officer shook his head, however, and said he should feel more satisfied without any such demonstration, which amounted to little less than a symptom of mutiny. Upon our arrival on board, we were informed that the men, having been employed in hard labour during the Captain's absence, repairing the rigging and painting the frigate, had thus thought proper to testify their satisfaction at what they conceived to be a conclusion of tyrannical government in the inferior officers.

crew.

ADDITIONAL NOTES.

PAGE 12. Note (1.) "The Chinese possess the art of perfecting such works."] As all siliceous concretions are soft and moist when first removed from the stratum wherein they have been deposited, it is probable that Jade, with whose natural history we are little acquainted, hardens by exposure to the atmosphere; and that the Chinese, who give it such various shapes, avail themselves of its softness, when fresh dug, in order to manufacture it. The chemical analysis of this mineral was only lately ascertained. Jade is an alkaliferous Silex, containing also Lime: its proper place, in a mineralogical system, ought to be with Obsidian and Pitchstone.

C.

P. 64. 1. 28. "The servant of the Imperial Consul at the Dardanelles performed this feat, &c."] Lord Byron, in company with Lieutenant Ekenhead of the Salsette frigate, swam across the Hellespont, upon the third of May 1810. They were only an hour and five minutes in completing the passage. See "Childe Harolde's Pilgrimage," p. 178. Lond. 1812.

P. 601. 1. 23. "We observed also that reticulated stucco, which is commonly considered as an evidence of Roman work."] The extraordinary appearance of the opus reticulatum in this building, being irreconcileable with Jewish masonry, may lead to a very curious if not important inference concerning these foundations. The Author was at first inclined to believe, with Phocas and Golius, that they were the remains of the Temple of Solomon, as it was restored by Herod a few years before the Christian æra3. Judæa, it is true, was then a Roman province; but it does not necessarily follow, either that Roman workmen were employed*, or that the Roman taste was consulted in the style of the superstructure. Upon maturer deliberation, after duly considering what has been written upon the subject, particularly by Chrysostom, there seems every reason for believing, that, in the foundations here alluded to, we have a standing memorial of Julian's discomfiture, when he attempted to rebuild the temple; and perhaps of a nature which might have satisfied Lardner

(1) See Winklemann Hist. de l'Art. tom. ii. p. 561. Par. an 2.

(2) See p. 602 of this volume.

(3) Josephus, lib. xv. Antiq. c. 14. Colon. 1691.

(4) Indeed the text of Josephus seems to prove the contrary; for he states, that the Jewish priests were employed to superintend the plan of the work, and the labours of the artificers. Vid. lib. xv. de Antiq. c. 14. Colon. 1691.

Lardner himself', that his doubts concerning the fact were unwarrantable. Ammianus Marcellinus, whose testimony, as that of a Heathen writer, confounded even Gibbon's incredulity, pretty plainly indicates that some progress had been made in the work, before the prodigy occurred which rendered the place inaccessible to the artificers whom Julian had employed. It is expressly stated by him, that Alypius of Antioch was earnestly employed in carrying on the building, and that the Governor of the province was assisting the operation when the flames burst forth. Chrysostom, alluding to the fact, as notorious, and attested by living witnesses, says, "Yea, they may VIEW THE FOUNDATIONS LYING STILL BARE AND NAKED; AND IF YOU ASK THE REASON, YOU WILL MEET WITH NO OTHER ACCOUNT BESIDES THAT WHICH I HAVE GIVEN." From these concurring testimonies, and from the extraordinary remaining evidence of the opus reticulatum, it can hardly be denied but that an appeal may be made to these remains as the very work to which Chrysostom alludes. The words of Ammianus seem to warrant a similar conclusion: "Metu

endi globi flammarum PROPE FUNDAMENTA crebris assultibus erumpentes.” On what authority Mosheim asserts that the Jews who had "set about this important work were obliged to desist, before they had even begun to lay the foundations of the sacred edifice," does not appear; except it be upon the following passage from Rufinus7," Apertis igitur fundamentis calces cœmentaque adhibita: nihil omninò deerat, quin die posterâ, veteribus deturbatis, nova jacerent fundamenta." Warburton, who has cited this passage, is nevertheless careful, in weighing the evidence, as to the fact, to consider the testimony of Chrysostom as of a superior nature, being that of a living witness; whereas Rufinus, who lived in the subsequent age, could only relate things as they had been transmitted to him; therefore the appeal made by Chrysostom to the existence of the foundations may be supposed to supersede any inference likely to be derived from these words of Rufinus, as to their not having been laid before the prodigy took place; and the present appearance of

the

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(1) Lardner made objection to the miraculous interposition, and even doubted the attempt. (Testimonies, vol. IV. pp. 61, 64.) All the authorities for the fact are brought together by J. Alb.Fabricius. Lardner however is not satisfied with them; although Gibbon was compelled to say, such authority should satisfy a believing, and must astonish an incredulous mind." The Reader may examine Mosheim's Remarks, Eccl. Hist. Maclaine's Transl. vol. I. p. 332. also Moyle's Posthumous Works, vol. II. pp. 100, 101.

(2) Hist. vol. IV. c. 23. Lond. 1807.

(3) Ammian. Marcellin. lib. xxiii. c. 1. Lips. 1773.

(4) Chrysostom. advers. Jud. &c. as cited by Whitby in his General Preface.

See also West on

the Resurrection; and Newton on the Prophecies, (Works,) vol. I. p. 447. Lond. 1782. (5) Ammian. Marcellin. ubi suprà.

(6) See Maclaine's Translation, vol. I. p. 332.

(7) Rufin. Hist. Eccl. lib. x. c. 37.

(8) Warburton's Julian, p. 73. Note (h) Lond. 1750.

i

ADDITIONAL NOTES.

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the opus reticulatum in the masonry proves that the workmanship is strictly Roman". Prideaux, in his "Letter to the Deists," makes indeed a bold assertion, and without veracity, in saying, that there is not now left the least remainder of the ruins of the temple, to show where it once stood; and that those who travel to Jerusalem, have no other mark, whereby to find it out, but the Mahometan mosque erected on the same plat by Omar." There is in fact a much better mark; namely, the mark of Julian's discomfiture, in the remains of Roman masonry upon the spot and if this be disputed, it can only be so, by admitting that the foundations now lying bare and naked" were those of the temple built by Herod; in direct opposition to authenticated records concerning their demolition by Titus, who commanded his soldiers to dig up the foundations both of the temple and the city 10. "Both the Jewish Talmud and Maimonides affirm," says Whitby ", "that Terentius Rufus, the captain of his army, caused a ploughshare to rase the soil whereon the foundations of the temple stood."

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After all that has been said, let the reader bear carefully in mind, that the prophecy of Christ, existing in full blaze, needs not any support from the establishment of Julian's miraculous discomfiture 12. The ruins of the temple, and of the city; the abolition of the Mosaical dispensation; the total overthrow and dispersion of the Jews; constitute altogether an EXISTING MIRACLE, perplexing the sceptic with incontestable proof of the divine origin of our religion.

P. 606. 1. 2. A CURIOUS undescribed herbaceous plant, of the natural order of Boragineæ, was found by the author in Jerusalem, upon the very spot which is exhibited by the Monks as the judgment-seat of Pontius Pilate. It has the habit of a Lycopsis, but the flowers of a Symphytum, and seeds attached nearly as in Cynoglossum; but the form is peculiar to itself. The fruits of the order not having been yet thoroughly examined, we have for the present arranged it in Symphytum; denominating it, from the remarkable spur near the base of the seed, Symphytum calcaratum. The stems are very slender and crooked; the leaves an inch to an inch and a half in length; the flowers upon short pedicles, turned to one side, with the calyx nearly half an inch long, but shorter than the bract at the base of the pedicle.

Symphytum caulibus flexuosis debilibus; foliis lato-lanceolatis, integris, ciliatis, hirsutis; racemis bracteatis secundis laxis; bracteis oblongo-lanceolatis; corollis calyce hirsuto brevioribus, acutis; seminibus obtusè triangulis calcaratis, scabris.

(9) Vid. Vitruv. lib. ii. c. 8. Amst. 1649. Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvi. c. 22. L. Bat. 1635. Winkelmann Hist. de l'Art, &c. &c.

(10) Joseph. de Bell. Jud. See Whitby's General Preface; West on the Resurrection, Lond. 1807;

&c. &c.

(11) Gen. Pref. as cited by West.

(12) Yet even this is attested by four contemporary writers; by Ammianus Marcellinus; by Chrysostom; by Gregory of Nazianzen; and by Ambrose, bishop of Milan.

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