him save himself if he could. At that instant the war whoop sounded in the ears of poor Colter, who, urged with the hope of preserving life, ran with a speed at which he was himself surprised. He proceeded towards Jefferson's Fork, having to traverse a plain six miles in breadth, abounding with prickly pear, on which he was every instant treading with his naked feet. He ran nearly half way across the plain, before he ventured to look over his shoulder, when he perceived that the Indians were very much scattered, and that he had gained ground to a considerable distance from the main body; but one Indian, who carried a spear, was much before all the rest, and not more than a hundred yards from him. A faint gleam of hope now cheered the heart of Colter; he derived confidence from the belief that escape was within the bounds of possibility, but that confidence was nearly fatal to him: for he exerted himself to such a degree, that the blood gushed from his nostrils, and soon almost covered the fore part of his body. He had now arrived within a mile of the river, when he distinctly heard the appalling sound of footsteps behind him, and every instant expected to feel the spear of his pursuer. Again he turned his head, and saw the savage not twenty yards from him. Determined, if possible, to avoid the expected blow, he suddenly stopt, turned round, and spread out his arms. The Indian surprised by the suddenness of the action, and perhaps at the bloody appearance of Colter, also attempted to stop; but exhausted with running, he fell whilst endeavouring to throw his spear, which stuck in the ground, and broke in his hand. Colter instantly snatched up the pointed part, with which he pinned him to the earth, and then continued his flight. The foremost of the Indians, on arriving at the place, stopped till others came up to join them, when they set up a hideous yell. Every moment of this time was improved by Colter, who, although fainting and exhausted, succeeded in gaining the skirting of the cotton wood trees, on the border of the Fork, to which he ran, and plunged into the river. Fortunately for him, a little below this place there was an island, against the upper point of which a raft of timber had lodged; he dived under the raft, and after several efforts, got his head above water among the trunks of trees, covered over with small wood to the depth of several feet. Scarcely had he secured himself, when the Indians arrived on the river, screeching and yelling, as Colter expressed it "like so many devils." They were frequently on the rafts during the day, and were seen through the clinks by Colter, who was congratulating himself on his escape, till the idea arose that they might set the raft on fire. In this horrible suspense he remained until night; when hearing no more of the Indians, he dived from under the raft, and swam instantly down the river to a considerable distance, where he landed, and travelled all night. Although happy in having escaped from the Indians, his situation was still dreadful; he was completely naked, under a burning sun; the soles of his feet were full of the thorns of the prickly pear; he was hungry, and had no means of killing game, although he saw abundance around him, and was at a great distance from the nearest settlement. Almost any man but an American hunter would have despaired under such circumstances. The fortitude of Colter remained unshaken. After seven days sore travel, during which he had no other subsistence than the root known by the naturalists under the name of " psoralea esculenta," he at length arrived in safety at Lisa's fort, on the Bighorn branch of the Roche Jaune river.

THE TURKS.

The Turks, says Mr. Turner, one of the most recent travellers in the East, allow that their emperor may kill every day, fourteen of his subjects with impunity, and without impeachment of tyranny, because, say they, he does many things by divine impulse, the reason of which it is not permitted to them to know. I have been told that a Pasha of three tails, is authorized by law to cut off five heads a day; a Pasha of two tails, three; and a Pasha of one tail, one.

A Mollah (judge) of Jerusalem being disturbed at night by dogs, ordered all those animals in Jerusalem and its environs to be killed, and thus excited a mutiny among the people, who are forbidden by the Koran to kill any beast unless it be hurtful, or necessary for the punishment of man. Having, however, by the authority of the Mufti, his father, succeeded in obtaining obedience to his orders, he was emboldened to issue another still more capricious. The flies being very troublesome to him during the heat of summer, he ordered that every artizan should bring him every day forty of these insects on a string, under pain of a severe fine; and he caused this ridiculous sentence to be severely enforced.

When a grand Vizier is favourably deposed (i. e. without banishing him or putting him to death), it is signified to him by a chiaoux from the Sultan, who goes to his table and wipes the ink out of his golden pen; this he understands as the sign of his dismissal; if his fate be more severe, he receives an order from the Sultan to await his sentence in a small kiosk (summer house) just outside of the walls of the Seraglio, where he sits sometimes four or six hours before the messenger comes to tell him whether he is to be banished or put to death.

Hussein, Captain Pasha, (the famous one who fought at Chesme) when in the bay of Smyrna once, with his fleet, seeing one of his ships run foul of another, ordered the captain on board, and beheaded him immediately.

The same Hussein had a Jew physician called in one day to relieve him from an aching tooth; the clumsy fellow unfortunately drew the wrong one, but as the agony of extraction drowned the pain for a time, he got away undetected; the pain soon returned, and a few days after Hussein meeting the man on the Bosphorus, stopped him. and had every tooth in his head drawn.

The Turks lately punished a pirate by flaying him alive; they began at the head, and when they came to the breast, the man died with agony.

A Turk was lately beheaded at Buyukdereh, (by order of the Grand Vizier, who was walking about in disguise), for having sold for twenty-four paras, a quantity of chesnuts, of which the price was fixed at twelve paras.

CASE OF THOMAS TRAVIS, SEVEN DAYS IN A PIT.

On Saturday, December the 4th, 1784, about eight o'clock in the morning. Thomas Travis, a collier, aged seventy-seven, went into a coal-pit ninety yards in depth, when the sides of the pit fell in, where he was, cut off from all supplies of the external air; and the quantity of earth was so great as to require six days to remove it. On Thursday the passage was completed; but from the foulness of the vapours, no one ventured into the works. On Friday several men entered the mines, and followed Travis by the traces of his own working. On Saturday afternoon, about four o'clock, he heard them, and implored speedy assistance. They found him lying on his belly; and on raising

his head, he looked at the men, and addressed one of them by name. His eyes were swollen, and every one was shocked at the appearance of them.— They prevailed upon him to have a handkerchief tied round his head, stating that the light might be dangerous and offensive to him. Salts were held to his nostrils. He soon complained of the handkerchief, and desired it to be removed, which was complied with. But his eyes were then sunk in their sockets, and he was then and ever afterwards unable to distinguish a candle. He took a table-spoonful of water gruel every ten or fifteen minutes. When first discovered his hands and feet were very cold, and with no pulsation at the wrist; but his pulsation became more sensible and stronger, when he had been rubbed, and had got covered with blankets. Two men laid by his side, to communicate warmth; and on putting his hands into their bosoms, he expressed his sense of being comfortable, and slept when not roused to take nourishment. He remained in this situation many hours; and on Sunday morning, the eighth day, at one o'clock, he was carried to his own house, put to bed, well covered, and fed with chicken broth. Weakness rendered him indifferent to nourishment, and he continued to doze and sleep, and with an increasing pulse. He said he felt dissolution at hand, and expired soon after without a struggle, and in a few minutes.

INTREPID MARINER.

"For some time past," says a letter from Ostend, of the 10th of January, 1819," we have seen in our ports the most intrepid mariner perhaps that ever existed. He is an Englishman; who in a small and frail boat, about sixteen feet in length, and from four to seven in breadth, undertakes alone the voyage from England to Ostend; where he takes on board a cargo of the produce of the country, which he carries to England in his boat. What is most astonishing, is, that neither the high sea, nor the inclemency of the season, stops this hardy mariner. Let us imagine a man entirely alone in the open sea, guiding a little boat which hardly rises six inches above the surface of the ocean, exposed to the rain, to the winds, and above all, to the intense cold; and then we may form some judgment how far the habit of industry, or the love of gain, will operate on the human mind. In his last voyage hither he was three days in the passage, and did not stop the whole time. He has contrived an ingenious method to steer his frail vessel, Placed in front of the boat with his back to the prow, he guides the helm by means of two ropes, which go the whole length of the boat, and thus manages his sculls without leaving his place. As the ice might accumulate against the sides of the boat, he has taken care before putting out to sea, to grease all the sides, so that the water may not adhere to them. In this manner he traverses the ocean, without troubling himself about the many dangers to which he has been or may in future be exposed."

JEW SAVED.

About the commencement of the Indian war in 1763, in America, a trading Jew, named Chapman, who was going up the Detroit river with a load of goods, which he had brought from Albany, was taken by some Indians of the Chippeway nation, and destined to be put to death. A Frenchman, impelled by motives of humanity, found means to steal the prisoner; and kept

him so concealed for some time, that although the most diligent search was made, the place of his confinement could not be discovered. At last, however, the unfortunate man was betrayed by some false friend, and again fell into the hands of the Indians, who took him across the river to be burned and tortured. Tied to the stake, and the fire burning by his side, his last meal was presented to him, according to the Indian custom. It was broth and so hot, that it scalded the Jew, who threw the bowl in the face of the man who had presented it to him. "He is mad! he is mad!" exclaimed the Indians. The cords with which he was bound were untied, and he was suffered to go where he pleased.

IN the retreat of the French from Moscow, a female suttler belonging to the corps of Prince Eugene, who had been with the army the whole campain, was returning with a waggon which contained five young children, and all the fruits of her industry. Arrived at the Wop near Krasnoi, she regarded with horror the rapid stream, which compelled her to leave on its banks all her little fortune, and the future subsistence of her children. For a long time she ran up and down, eagerly looking for a new passage; then returning in despair from her fruitless search, she said to her husband, "We must indeed abandon all ! let us now try only how to save our children." Saying this, she took the two youngest from the waggon, and placed them in her husband's arms. The father closely hugged the innocent babes, and with a trembling foot traversed the river, while his wife falling on her knees at the edge of the water, now gazed eagerly on him, and then raised her eyes to heaven; but as she saw him safely landed, she lifted up her eyes in gratitude to Providence ; and leaping on her feet, exclaimed with transport," They are saved! They are saved!" The anxious father, depositing his precious burden on the

VOL. I.

32

bank, hastened back, seized on two more of them, and again plunged into the waves, being followed by his wife, who bore the fifth child on one arm, and with the other clung fast to her husband, the whole reached the shore in safety, and the affectionate family was reunited.

BARBARITY TO PRISONERS.

When the French, under the command of Bonaparte, had got possession of Alexandria, they carried their cruelty to their Turkish prisoners to the severest extremities, making them work like horses at their mills, and in drawing water. Dr. Clarke, in his Travels, relates, that he met some of these unfortunate wretches on his first entrance into the city, who had been liberated that morning from their dungeon; and who were endeavouring literally to crawl towards their camp. The legs of these poor creatures were swollen to a size that was truly horrible, and their eyes were terrible from inflammation. Some, too weak, had fallen on the sand, where they were exposed to the scorching beams of the sun. Immediately on seeing Dr. Clarke and his companions, they uttered such moans as might have pierced the hearts of their cruel oppressors. They begged for water, but the Englishmen had none to give them; and all they could do, was to prevail on some Arabs to take care of them until relief could be obtained. Of these unfortunate captiyes, upwards of forty perished every day from the miseries to which their conquerors exposed them.

THE UNFORTUNATE LEDYARD.

Few individuals have exhibited the passion of adventure to a higher degree than the unfortunate Ledyard, and still fewer who in the indulgence of that passion have gone through greater hardships and perils.

Capable of strong endurance; enterprising beyond all ordinary conception, yet wary and considerate; calm in his deliberations, guarded in his measures, attentive to all precautions, he appeared to be formed by nature for achievements of hardihood and difficulty. "My distresses," said he on one occasion, "have been greater than I have ever owned, or even will own to any man. I have known hunger and nakedness to the utmost extremity of human suffering; I have known what it is to have food given me as charity to a madman; and I have been at times obliged to shelter myself under the miseries of that character to avoid a heavier calamity. Such evils are terrible to bear, but they never have yet had power to turn me from my purpose."

In the humble situation of corporal of marines, to which he submitted rather than forego an opportunity of rare occurrence, he made with Captain Cook the voyage of the world; and feeling on his return an anxious desire of penetrating from the north-western coast of America, which Cook had partly explored, he determined to traverse the vast continent from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. With no more than ten guineas in his purse, he departed from England on this arduous enterprise, towards the close of the year 1786; and after more than a year's hard travel, he reached the coast of the Kamtschatkan Sea; when, for reasons never explained, he was seized by order of the Empress of Russia; stripped of his clothes, money and papers; conveyed in a sledge through the deserts of Northern Tartary to Moscow and thence to the town of Tolochin, on the frontiers of the Polish domi