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But yet, to keep up his authority with his pupil, befides concealing that he has not the power of the rod, you must be sure to use him with great respect yourself, and cause all your family to do so too. For you cannot expect your fon fhould have any regard for one, whom he fees you, or his mother, or others flight. If you think him worthy of contempt, you have chosen amifs; and if you fhew any contempt of him, he will hardly escape it from your fon : and whenever that happens, whatever worth he may have in himself, and abilities for this employment, they are all loft to your child, and can afterwards never be made useful to him.

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§. 89. As the father's example must teach the child respect for his tufo the tutor's example must lead the child into those actions he would have him do. His practice muft by no means crofs his precepts, unless he intend to fet him wrong. It will be to no purpose for the tutor to talk of the restraint of the paffions, whilft any of his own are let loofe; and he will in vain endeavour to reform any vice or indecency in his pupil, which he allows in himself. Ill patterns are sure to be followed more than good rules: and therefore he must also carefully preserve him from the influence of ill precedents, especially the most dangerous of all, the examples of the fervants; from whofe company he is to be kept, not by prohibitions, for that will but give him an itch after it, but by other ways I have mentioned.

§ 90. IN all the whole business of education, there is nothing like to be lefs hearkened to, or harder to be well observed, than what I am now going to fay; and that is, That children should, from their firft beginning to talk, have some discreet, fober, nay wife perfon about them, whose care it should be to fashion them aright, and keep them from all ill, especially the infection of bad company. I think this province requires great fobriety, temperance, tenderness, diligence, and difcretion; qualities hardly to be found united in perfons, that are to be had for ordinary falaries : nor eafily to be found any-where. As to the charge of it, I think it will be the money beft laid out that can be about our children; and therefore, though it may be expenfive more than is ordinary, yet it cannot be thought dear. He that at any rate procures his child a good mind, well-principled, tempered to virtue and usefulness, and adorned with civility and good breeding, makes a better purchase for him, than if he laid out the money for an addition of more earth to his former acres. Spare it in toys and play-games, in filk and ribbons, laces and other useless expences, as much as you please; but be not sparing in fo neceffary a part as this. It is not good husbandry to make his fortune rich, and his mind poor. I have often, with great admiration, feen people lavish it profufely in tricking up their children in fine cloaths, lodging, and feeding them fumptuoufly, allowing them more than enough of useless fervants; and yet at the fame time starve their minds, and not take fufficient care to cover that, which is the most shameful nakedness, viz. their natural wrong inclinations and ignorance. This I can look on as no other than a facrificing to their own vanity; it fhewing more their pride, than true care of the good

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of their children. Whatsoever you employ to the advantage of your fon's Governor. mind will fhew your true kindness, though it be to the leffening of his eftate. A wife and good man can hardly want either the opinion or reality of being great and happy. But he that is foolish or vicious, can be neither great nor happy, what estate foever you leave him: and I ask you, whether there be not men in the world, whom you had rather have your fon be, with 500l. per annum, than fome other you know, with 5000l?

$91. THE Confideration of charge ought not, therefore, to deter those who are able: the great difficulty will be, where to find a proper perfon. For those of fmall age, parts, and virtue, are unfit for this employment and those that have greater, will hardly be got to undertake fuch a charge. You must therefore look out early, and enquire every-where; for the world has people of all forts and I remember, Montaigne fays in one of his effays, That the learned Caftalio was fain to make trenchers at Bafil, to keep himself from ftarving, when his father would have given any money for fuch a tutor for his fon, and Caftalio have willingly em-braced fuch an employment upon very reasonable terms: but this was for want of intelligence.

$92. IF you find it difficult to meet with fuch a tutor as we defire, you are not to wonder. I only can fay, Spare no care nor coft to get fuch an one. All things are to be had that way and I dare affure you, that, if you can get a good one, you will never repent the charge; but will always have the fatisfaction to think it the money, of all other, the best laid out. But be fure take no-body upon friends, or charitable, no, nor bare great commendations. Nay, if you will do as you ought, the reputation of a fober man, with a good stock of learning, (which is all ufually required in a tutor) will not be enough to ferve your turn. In this choice be as curious, as you would be in that of a wife for him for you must not think of trial, or changing afterwards; that will cause great inconvenience to you, and greater to your fon. When I confider the fcruples and cautions I here lay in your way, methinks it looks as if I advised you to fomething, which I would have offered at, but in effect not done. But he that shall confider, how much the business of a tutor, rightly employed, lies out of the road; and how remote it is from the thoughts of many, even of those who propose to themselves this employment; will perhaps be of my mind, that one, fit to educate and form the mind of a young gentleman, is not every-where to be found; and that more than ordinary care is to be taken in the choice of him, or elfe may fail of your end. $93. THE character of a sober man, and a scholar, is, as I have above Tutor. obferved, what every one expects in a tutor. This generally is thought enough, and is all that parents commonly look for. But when fuch an one has emptied out, into his pupil, all the Latin and Logick he has brought from the Univerfity, will that furniture make him a fine gentleman? Or can it be expected, that he should be better bred, better skilled. VOL. IV..

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in the world, better principled in the grounds and foundations of true virtue and generofity, than his young tutor is?

To form a young gentleman, as he fhould be, it is fit his governor fhould himself be well-bred, understand the ways of carriage, and meafures of civility, in all the variety of perfons, times and places; and keep his pupil, as much as his age requires, conftantly to the obfervation of them. This is an art not to be learnt, nor taught by books: nothing can give it, but good company and obfervation joined together. The taylor may make his cloaths modish, and the dancing-mafter give fashion to his motions; yet neither of these, though they fet off well, make a well-bred gentleman: no, though he have learning to boot; which, if not well managed, makes him more impertinent and intolerable in converfation. Breeding is that, which fets a glofs upon all his other good qualities, and renders them ufeful to him; in procuring him the esteem and good-will of all that he comes near. Without good breeding, his other accomplishments make him pass but for proud, conceited, vain, or foolish.

COURAGE, in an ill-bred man, has the air, and efcapes not the opinion, of brutality: learning becomes pedantry; wit, buffoonery; plainnefs, rufticity; good-nature, fawning: and there cannot be a good quality in him, which want of breeding will not warp, and disfigure to his disadvantage. Nay, virtue and parts, though they are allowed their due commendation, yet are not enough to procure a man a good reception, and make him welcome where-ever he comes. No-body contents himfelf with rough diamonds, and wears them fo, who would appear with advantage. When they are polished and fet, then they give a luftre. Good qualities are the fubftantial riches of the mind; but it is good breeding fets them off: and he that will be acceptable, muft give beauty, as well as ftrength, to his actions. Solidity, or even ufefulness, is not enough a graceful way and fashion, in every thing, is that which gives the ornament and liking. And, in most cafes, the manner of doing is of more confequence than the thing done; and upon that depends the fatisfaction, or difguft, wherewith it is received. This therefore, which lies not in the putting off the hat, nor making of compliments, but in a due and free compofure of language, looks, motion, pofture, place, &c. fuited to perfons and occafions, and can be learned only by habit and use, though it be above the capacity of children, and little ones thould not be perplexed about it; yet it ought to be begun, and in a good meafune learned, by a young gentleman, whilft he is under a tutor, before he comes into the world upon his own legs; for then usually it is too late to hope to reform feveral habitual indecencies, which lie in little things. For the carriage is not as it should be, till it is become natural in every part, falling, as fkilful muficians fingers do, into harmonious order, without care, and without thought. If in converfation a man's mind be taken up with a folicitous watchfulness about any part of his behavi

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BESIDES, this part is moft neceffary to be formed by the hands and care of a governor because, though the errors committed in breeding are the first that are taken notice of by others, yet they are the laft that anyone is told of. Not but that the malice of the world is forward enough to tattle of them, but it is always out of his hearing, who should make profit of their judgment, and reform himself by their cenfure. And indeed this is fo nice a point to be meddled with, that even those who are friends, and wish it were mended, fcarce ever dare mention it, and tell thofe they love, that they are guilty in fuch or fuch cafes of ill breeding. Errors in other things may often with civility be fhewn another; and it is no breach of good manners, or friendship, to fet him right in other mistakes: but good breeding itself allows not a man to touch upon this; or to infinuate to another, that he is guilty of want of breeding. Such information can come only from those who have authority over them: and from them too it comes very hardly and harshly to a grown man; and, however foftened, goes but ill down with any one, who has lived ever fo little in the world. Wherefore it is neceffary, that this fhould be the governor's principal care; that an habitual gracefulness, and politenefs in all his carriage, may be fettled in his charge, as much as may be, before he goes out of his hands: and that he may not need advice in this point, when he has neither time nor difpofition to receive it, nor has any body left to give it him. The tutor therefore ought, in the first place, to be well-bred: and a young gentleman, who gets this one qualification from his governor, fets out with great advantage; and will find, that this one accomplishment will more open his way to him, get him more friends, and carry him farther in the world, than all the hard words, or real knowledge, he has got from the liberal arts, or his tutor's learned encyclopædia; not that thofe fhould be neglected, but by no means preferred, or fuffered to thrust out the other.

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$94. BESIDES being well-bred, the tutor fhould know the world well; the ways, the humours, the follies, the cheats, the faults of the age he is fallen into, and particularly of the country he lives in. These he should. be able to fhew to his pupil, as he finds him capable; teach him skill in men, and their manners; pull off the mark, which their feveral callings and pretences cover them with; and make his pupil difcern what lies at the bottom, under fuch appearances; that he may not, as unexperienced young men are apt to do, if they are unwarned, take one thing for another, judge by the outfide, and give himfelf up to fhew, and the infinuation of a fair carriage, or an obliging application. A governor should teach his fcholar to guefs at, and beware of, the defigns of men he hath to do with, neither with too much fufpicion, nor too much confidence but, as the young man is by nature moft inclined to either fide, rectify him, and bend him the other way. He fhould accuftom him to make, as much as is poffible, a true judgment of men by thofe marks, which ferve

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ferve beft to fhew what they are, and give a profpect into their infide; which often shews itself in little things, efpecially when they are not in parade, and upon their guard. He fhould acquaint him with the true ftate of the world, and difpofe him to think no man better or worse, wiser or foolisher, than he really is. Thus, by fafe and infenfible degrees, he will pass from a boy to a man; which is the most hazardous step in all the whole course of life. This therefore fhould be carefully watched, and a young man with great diligence handed over it; and not, as now ufually is done, be taken from a governor's conduct, and all at once thrown into the world under his own, not without manifeft dangers of immediate fpoiling; there being nothing more frequent, than instances of the great loofenefs, extravagancy, and debauchery, which young men have run into, as foon as they have been let loose from a fevere and ftrict education : which, I think, may be chiefly imputed to their wrong way of breeding, especially in this part; for, having been bred up in a great ignorance of what the world truly is, and finding it quite another thing, when they come into it, than what they were taught it should be, and fo imagined it was; are easily perfuaded, by other kind of tutors, which they are fure to meet with, that the difcipline they were kept under, and the lectures that were read to them, were but the formalities of education, and the reftraints of childhood; that the freedom belonging to men, is to take their swing in a full enjoyment of what was before forbidden them. They fhew the young novice the world, full of fashionable and glittering examples of this every-where, and he is prefently dazzled with them. My young mafter, failing not to be willing to fhew himself a man, as much as any of the sparks of his years, lets himself loose to all the irregularities he finds in the moft debauched; and thus courts credit and manlinefs, in the cafting off the modefty and fobriety he has till then been kept in and thinks it brave, at his first setting out, to fignalize himself in running counter to all the rules of virtue, which have been preached to him by his

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THE fhewing him the world as really it is, before he comes wholly into it, is one of the beft means, I think, to prevent this mischief. He fhould, by degrees, be informed of the vices in fashion, and warned of the applications and defigns of those who will make it their business to corrupt him. He fhould be told the arts they use, and the trains they lay; and now and then have fet before him the tragical or ridiculous examples of those who are ruining, or ruined, this way. The age is not like to want inftances of this kind, which should be made land-marks to him; that by the difgraces, difeafes, beggary, and fhame of hopeful young men, thus brought to ruin, he may be precautioned, and be made see, how those join in the contempt and neglect of them that are undone, who, by pretences of friendship and respect, led them into it, and helped to prey upon them whilft they were undoing; that he may fee, before he buys it by a too dear experience, that those who perfuade him not to follow the fober advices he has received from his governors, and the counsel of his

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