1. Relation, what.

2. Relations, without corre-

lative terms not easily

perceived.

3. Some seemingly absolute

terms contain relations.

4. Relation different from

the things related.

5. Change of relation may

be without any change in

the subject.

6. Relation only betwixt two

things.

7. All things capable of re-

lation.

8. The ideas of relation

clearer often, than of the

subjects related.

9. Relations all terminate in

simple ideas.

10. Terms leading the mind

beyond the subjects deno-

minated, are relative.

11. Conclusion.

9. Personal identity.

10. Consciousness makes per.

sonal identity.

11. Personal identity in change

of substances.

12-15. Whether in the change of

thinking substances.

16. Consciousness makes the

18-20. Objects of reward and pu-

nishment.

21, 22. Difference between iden-

tity of man and person.

23-25. Consciousness alone makes

self.

26, 27. Person a forensic term.

28. The difficulty from ill use

of names.

Of other relations,

1. Proportional.

2. Natural.

3. Instituted.

4. Moral.

5. Moral good and evil.

6. Moral rules.

7. Laws.

8. Divine

8. Divine law, the measure

of sin and duty.

9. Civil law, the measure of

crimes and innocence.

10, 11. Philosophical law, the

measure of virtue and

vice.

12. Its inforcements, com-

mendation, and discredit.

13. These three laws the

rules of moral good and

evil.

14, 15. Morality is the relation of

actions to these rules.

16. The denominations of ac-

tions often mislead us.

17. Relations innumerable.

18. All relations terminate in

simple ideas.

19. We have ordinarily as

clear (or clearer) notions

of the relation, as of its

foundation.

20. The notion of the rela

tion is the same, whether
the rule, any action is
compared to, be true or
false.

CHAP. XXIX.

Of clear and distinct, obscure and
confused ideas.

SECT.

1. Ideas, some clear and

distinct, others obscure

and confused.

2. Clear and obscure, ex-
plained by sight.

3. Causes of obscurity.

4. Distinct and confused,
what.

5. Objection.

6. Confusion of ideas, is in

reference to their names.

7. Defaults which make con-

fusion. First, complex

ideas made up of too few

simple ones.

8. Secondly, or its simple.

ones jumbled disorderly

together.

11. Ideas of substances, as

collections of their quali-

ties, are all inadequate.

12. Simple ideas Tuna, and

adequate.

13. Ideas of substances are

IXTUTα, and inadequate.

14. Ideas of modes and rela-

tions are archetypes, and

cannot but be adequate.

CHAP. XXXII.

Of true and false ideas.

SECT.

1. Truth and falsehood pro-
perly belongs to propo-
sitions.

2. Metaphysical truth con-

tains a tacit proposition.

3. No idea, as an appear-

ance in the mind, true

or false.

4. Ideas referred to any

thing, may be true or

false.

5. Other men's ideas, real

existence, and supposed

real essences, are what

men usually refer their

ideas to.

6-8. The cause of such re-

ferences.

9. Simple ideas may be false

in reference to others of

the same name, but are

least liable to be so.

10. Ideas of mixed modes

most liable to be false in

18. Thirdly, Ideas of sub-

stances, when false.

19. Truth or falsehood always
supposes affirmation or ne-
gation.

20. Ideas in themselves nei.

ther true nor false.

21. But are false, First, when

judged agreeable to ano-

ther man's idea without

being so.

22. Secondly, When judged

to agree to real existence,

when they do not.

23. Thirdly, When judged

adequate without being so.

24. Fourthly, When judged to

represent the real essence.

25. Ideas, when false.

26. More properly to be call-

ed right or wrong.

27. Conclusion.

2. To make them signs of

ideas.

3, 4. To make general signs.

5. Words ultimately derived

from such as signify sensi-

ble ideas.

6. Distribution.

CHA P. II.

Of the signification of words.

SECT.

1. Words are sensible signs
necessary for communica-
tion.

2, 3. Words are the sensible

signs of his ideas who uses

them.

4. Words often secretly re-
ferred, First, to the ideas
in other men's minds.
5. Secondly, To the reality
of things.

6. Words by use readily ex-
cite ideas.

7. Words often used without

signification.

8. Their signification per-

fectly arbitrary.

1. The greatest part of words

general.

2. For every particular thing

to have a name, is impos-

sible.

3, 4. And useless.

5. What things have proper

names.

6-8. How general words are

made.

9. General natures are no-

thing but abstract ideas.

10. Why the genus is ordina.

rily made use of in defini-

tions.

II. General and universal are
creatures of the under
standing.

12. Abstract ideas are the es
sences of the genera and

species.

13. They are the workmanship

of the understanding, but

have their foundation in
the similitude of things.
14. Each distinct abstract idea
is a distinct essence. :
15. Real and nominal essence.
16. Constant connexion be-

tween the name and no-

minal essence.

17. Supposition, that species

are distinguished by their

real essences, useless.

18. Real

18. Real and nominal essence

the same in simple ideas

and modes, different in

substances.

19. Essences ingenerable and

incorruptible.

20. Recapitulation.

CHAP. IV.

Of the names of simple ideas.

SECT.

1. Names of simple ideas,

modes, and substances,

have each something pe-

culiar.

2. First, Names of simple

ideas and substances, inti

mate real existence.

3. Secondly, Names of sim-

ple ideas and modes sig-

nify always both real and

nominal essence.

4. Thirdly, Names of sim-

ple ideas undefinable.

5. If all were definable, it

would be a process in infi-

nitum.

6. What a definition is.

7. Simple ideas, why unde-

finable.

8, 9. Instances, motion.

10. Light.

11. Simple ideas, why unde-

finable further explained.

12, 13. The contrary showed in

complex ideas by instances

of a statue and rainbow.

14. The names of complex ideas

when to be made intelligi-

ble by words.

15. Fourthly, Names of sim-

ple ideas least doubtful.

16. Fifthly, Simple ideas have

few ascents in linea prædi.

camentali.

17. Sixthly, Names of simple

ideas, stand for ideas not

at all arbitrary.

CHAP. V.

Of the names of mixed modes and

relations.

SECT.

1. They stand for abstract

ideas as other general

names.

2. First, The ideas they stand

for are made by the under-

standing.

3. Secondly, made arbitra-

rily, and without patterns.

4. How this is done.

5. Evidently arbitrary, in

that the idea is often be-

fore the existence.

6. Instances, murther, incest,

stabbing.

7. But still subservient to

the end of language.

8. Whereof the intranslata-

ble words of divers lan-

guages, are a proof.

9. This shows species to be

made for communication.

10. 11. In mixed modes, it is the

name that ties the combi-

nation together, and makes

it a species.

12. For the originals of mixed

modes, we look no farther

than the mind, which also

shows them to be the

workmanship of the un-

derstanding.

13. Their being made by

the understanding with

out patterns, shows the

reason why they are so

compounded.

14. Names of mixed modes

stand always for their real

essences.

15. Why their names are usu

ally got before their ideas.

16. Reason of my being so

large on this subject.

CHAP.