2. Made by the power of

CHAP. XXVII.

composing in the mind.

Of identity and diversity.

3. All artificial things are

SECT.

collective ideas.

1. Wherein

identity con-

sists.

CHAP. XXV.

2. Identity of substances.

Identity of modes.

Of relation.

3. Principium individuati.

onis.

SECT.

4. Identity of vegetables.

1. Relation, what.

5. Identity of animals.

2. Relations, without corre.

6. Identity of man.

lative terms not easily

7. Identity suited to the

perceived.

idea.

3. Some seemingly absolute

8. Same man.

terms contain relations.

9. Personal identity:

4. Relation different from

10. Consciousness makes per.

the things related.

sonal identity:

5. Change of relation may

11. Personal identityinchange

be without any change in

of substances.

the subject.

6. Relation only betwixt two

12--15. Whether in the change of

thinking substances.

things.

16. Consciousness makes the

7. All things capable of re.

same person.
lation.

8. The ideas of relation

17. Self depends on conscious-

clearer often, than of the

18-20. Objects of reward and pu-

subjects related.

nishment.

9. Relations all terminate in

21, 22. Difference between iden-

simple ideas,

tity of man and person.

10. Terms leading the mind

23--25. Consciousness alone makes

beyond the subjects deno.

self.

minated, are relative.

26, 27. Person a forensic term.

U. Conclusion,

28. The difficulty from ill use

of names.

29. Continuedexistencemakes

CHAP. XXVI.

identity.

Of cause and effect, and other

relations.

CHAP. XXVIII.

SECT.

Of other relations,

1. Whence their ideas got. SECT.

2. Creation, generation,

1. Proportional.

making alteration.

2. Natural,

3, 4. Relations of time.

3. Instituted.

5. Relations of place and

extension.

5. Moral good and evil,

6. Absolute terms often stand 6. Moral rules.

for relations.

8. Divine

ness.

4. Moral.

7. Laws.

8. Divine law, the measure

9. Thirdly, or are mutable

of sin and duty.

or undetermined.

9. Civil law, the measure of 10. Confusion, without re.

crimes and innocence.

ference to names, hardly

10, 11. Philosophical law, the

conceivable.

measure of virtue and 11. Confusion concerns al.
vice.

ways two ideas.

12. Its inforcements, com- 12. Causes of Confusion.

mendation, and discredit. 13. Complex ideas may be

13. These three laws the

distinct in one part, and

rules of moral good and

confused in another.

evil.

14. This, if not heeded, causes

14, 15. Morality is the relation of

confusion in our argu.

actions to these rules.

ings.

16. The denominations of ac. 15. Instance in eternity.

tions often mislead us.

16. Divisibility of mat.

17. Relations innumerable.

ter.

18. All relations terminate in

simple ideas.

19. We have ordinarily as

CHA P. XXX.

clear (or clearer) notions Of real and fantastical ideas.
of the relation, as of its SECT.
foundation.

1. Real ideas are conforma..

20. The notion of the rela.

ble to their archetypes.

tion is the same, whether

2. Simple ideas all r.al.

the rule, any action is

3. Complex ideas are volun-

compared to be true or

tary combinations.

false.

4. Mixed modes, made of

consistent ideas, are real.

CHAP. XXIX.

5. Ideas of substances are

Of clear and distinct, obscure and

real, when they agree

confused ideas.

with the existence of

SECT.

things.

1. Ideas, some clear and

distinct, others obscure

CHAP. XXXI.

and confused.

2. Clear and obscure, ex-

Of adequate and inadequate

ideas.

plained by sight.

3. Causes of obscurity. SECT.

4. Distinct and confused, 1. Adequate ideas are such

what.

as perfectly represent their

5. Objection.

archetypes.

6. Confusion of ideas, is in 2. Simple ideas all ado.

reference to their names.

quate.

7. Defaults which make con.

3. Modes are all adequate.

fusion. First, complex 4, 5. Modes in reference to set.

ideas made up of too few

tled names, may be in.

simple ones.

adequate.

8. Secondly, or its simple 6, 7. Ideas of substances, as re-
ones jumbled disorderly

ferred to real essences, not

together.

adequate,

8-11.

A4

SII. Ideas of substances, as 15. Though one man's idea of
collections of their quali-

blue should be different
ties, are all inadequate.

from another's.

12. Simple ideas ixtuna, and

17. Secondly, Modes not

adequate.

false.

13. Ideas of substances are 18. Thirdly, Ideas of sub-

öxtuma, and inadequate.

stances, when false.

14. Ideas of modes and rela.

19. Truth or falsehood always

tions are archetypes, and

supposes affirmation or ne.

cannot but be adequate.

gation.

20. Ideas in themselves nei.

CHAP. XXXII.

ther true nor false.

21. But are false, First, when

Of true and false ideas.

judged agreeable to ano.

SECT.

ther man's idea without

1. Truth and falsehood

pro-

being so.

perly belongs to propo- 22. Secondly, When judged
sitions.

to agree to real existence,

2. Metaphysical truth con.

when they do not.

tains a tacit proposition. 23. Thirdly, When judged
3. No idea, as an appear.

adequate without being so.

ance in the mind, true 24. Fourthly, When judged to

or false.

represent the real essence.

4. Ideas referred to any

25. Ideas, when false.

thing, may be true or 26. More properly to be call.

false.

ed right or wrong.

s. Other men's ideas, real 27. Conclusion.

existence, and supposed

real essences,

are what

men usually refer their CHAP. XXXIII.

ideas to.

Of the association of ideas.

6-8. The cause of such re.

ferences.

SECT.

9. Simple ideas may be false 1. Something unreasonable in

in reference to others of

the same name, but are 2. Not wholly from self.

least liable to be so.

love.

10. Ideas of mixed modes 3. Nor from education.

most liable to be false in

A degree of madness.

this sense.

most men,

4

names,

18. Real and nominal essence
the same in simple ideas

CHAP. V.
and modes, different in
substances.

Of the names of mixed modes and

relations.
19. Essences ingenerable and
incorruptible.

SECT.
20. Recapitulation.

1. They stand for abstract

ideas as other general
CH A P. IV.

2. First, The ideas they stand
Of the names of simple ideas.

for are made by the under.

standing.

SECT,

3. Secondly, made arbitra.

1. Names of simple ideas,

rily, and without patterns.

modes, and substances, 4. How this is done.

have each something pe-

5. Evidently arbitrary, in

culiar,

that the idea is often be.

2. First, Names of simple

fore the existence.

ideas and substances, intis 6. Instances, murther, incest,

mate real existence.

stabbing.

3. Secondly, Names of sim- 7. But still subservient to

ple ideas and modes sig-

the end of language.

nify always both real and 8. Whereof the intranslata.

nominal essence.

ble words of divers lan.

4. Thirdly, Names of sim-

guages, are a proof.

ple ideas undefinable.

9. This shows species to be

5. If all were definable, it

made for communication.

would be a process in infi. 10. 11. In mixed modes, it is the

nitum.

name that ties the combi.

6. What a definition is.

nation together, and makes

7. Simple ideas, why unde.

it a species.

finable.

12. For the originals of mixed

8, 9. Instances, motion,

modes, we look no farther

10. Light.

than the mind, which also

11. Simple ideas, why unde-

shows them to be the

finable further explained.

workmanship of the un.

12, 13. The contrary showed in

derstanding.
complex ideas by instances 13. Their being made by

of a statue and rainbow.

the understanding with.

14. The names of complex ideas

out patterns, shows the

when to be made intelligi-

reason why they are so

ble by words.

compounded.

15. Fourthly, Names of sim- 14. Names of mixed modes

ple ideas least doubtful.

stand always for their real

16. Fifthly, Simple ideas have

essences.
few ascents in linea prædi. 15. Why their names are usu-

camentali.

ally got before their ideas.

17. Sixthly, Names of simple 16. Reason of my being so

ideas, stand for ideas not

large on this subject.

at all arbitrary.

CHAP.