the main land by a small arm of the sea, called Epirus. The most remarkable city of this isle was Chalcis. Towards the north is Cyrus, and, a good deal higher, Lemnos, now called Stalimine; and still farther, Samothrace. Lower down is Lesbos, whose principal city was Mitylene, from whence the isle has since taken the name of Metelin. Chios, Scio, renowned for excellent wine; and, lastly, Samos. Some of these last mentioned isles are reckoned to belong to Asia. Its The island of Crete, or Candia, is the largest of all the isles contiguous to Greece. It has to the north the Egean sea, or the Archipelago; and on the south the African ocean. principal towns were, Gortyna, Cydon, Gnossus; and its mountains, Dicte, Ida, and Corycus. Its labyrinth is famous over all the world. The Grecians had colonies in most of these isles. They had likewise settlements in Sicily, and in part of Italy, towards Calabria *, which places are for that reason called Græcia Magna. But their grand settlement was in Asia Minor, and particularly in Æolis, Ionia, and Doris. The principal towns of Eolis are, Cumæ, Phocæa, Eleä. Of Ionia, Smyrna, Clazomene, Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, and Ephesus. Of Doris, Halicarnassus and Cnidos. They had also a great number of colonies dispersed up and down in different parts of the world, whereof I shall give some account as occasion shall offer. ARTICLE II. DIVISION OF THE GRECIAN HISTORY INTO FOUR The Grecian history may be divided into four different ages, all noted by so many memorable epochas; all which together include the space of 2154 years. The first age extends from the foundation of the several petty kingdoms of Greece, beginning with that of Sicyon, which is the most ancient, to the siege of Troy, and comprehends about 1000 years, namely, from the year of the world 1820 to the year 2820. The second begins from the taking of Troy to the reign of Darius, the son of Hystaspes, at which period the Grecian history begins to be intermixed with that of the Persians; and contains the space of 663 years, from the year of the world 2820 to the year 3483. The third is dated from the beginning of the reign of Darius to the death of Alexander the Great, which is the finest part Strab. 1. vi. p. 253. Plin. l. vi. c. 2. of the Grecian history; and takes in the term of 198 years, from the year of the world 3483 to the year 3681. The fourth and last age commences from the death of Alexander, at which time the Grecians began to decline, and continues to their final subjection by the Romans. The epocha of the utter ruin and downfal of the Greeks may be dated, partly from the taking and destruction of Corinth by the consul L. Mummius, in 3858; partly from the extinction of the kingdom of the Seleucides in Asia, by Pompey, in the year of the world 3939; and of the kingdom of the Lagides in Egypt, by Augustus, anno mun. 3974. This last age includes in all 293 years. Of these four distinct ages, I shall in this place only touch upon the two first, in a very succinct manner, just to give the reader some general notion of that obscure period; because those times, at least a great part of them, have more of fable in them than of real history; and are wrapped up in such a darkness and obscurity, as are very hard, if not impossible, to penetrate; and I have often declared already, that such a dark and laborious inquiry, though very useful for those that are for going to the bottom of history, does not come within the plan of my design. ARTICLE III. THE PRIMITIVE ORIGIN OF THE GRECIANS. In order to arrive at any certain knowledge concerning the first origin of the Grecian nations, we must necessarily have recourse to the accounts we have of them in holy scripture. * Javan, or Ion (for in the Hebrew the same letters differently pointed form these two different names), the son of Japhet, and grandson of Noah, was certainly the father of all those nations that went under the general denomination of Greeks, though he has been looked upon as the father of the Ionians only, which were but one particular nation of Greeks. But the Hebrews, the Chaldeans, Arabians, and others, give no other appellation to the whole body of the Grecian nations, than that of Ionians; † and for this reason Alexander in the predictions of Daniel, is mentioned under the name of the king of Javan. Javan had four sons, Eliza, Tarsis, Chittim, and Dodanim. As Javan was the original father of the Grecians in general, no doubt but his four sons were the heads and founders of the * Gen. x. 2. † Dan. viii. 21. Hircus caprarum rex Græciæ; in the Hebrew, rex Javan. chief tribes and principal branches of that nation, which became in succeeding ages so renowned for arts and arms. Eliza is the samne as Ellas, as it is rendered in the Chaldee translation; and the word "Exames, which was used as the common appellation of the whole people, in the same manner as the word "Exxas was of the whole country, has no other derivation. The city of Elis, very ancient in Peloponnesus, the Elysian Fields, the river Elissus, or Ilissus, have long retained the marks of their being derived from Eliza, and have contributed more to preserve his memory, than the historians themselves of the nation, who were inquisitive after foreign affairs, and but little acquainted with their own original; because as they had little or no knowledge of the true religion, they did not carry their inquiries so high. Upon which account, they themselves derived the words Hellenes and Iones from another fountain, as we shall see in the sequel; for I think myself obliged to give some account of their opinions also in this respect. Tarsis was the second son of Javan. He settled, as his brethren did, in some part of Greece, perhaps in Achaia, or the neighbouring provinces, as Eliza did in Peloponnesus. It is not to be doubted but that Chittim was the father of the Macedonians, according to the authority of the first book of the Maccabees,* in the beginning of which it is said, that Alexander, the son of Philip the Macedonian, went out of his country, which was that of Cetthim, † or Chittim, to make war against Darius, king of Persia. And in the eighth chapter, speaking of the Romans and their victories over the last kings of Macedonia, Philip and Perseus, the two last mentioned princes are called kings of the Cetheans. Dodanim. It is very probable, that Thessaly and Epirus were the portion of the fourth son of Javan. The impious worship of Jupiter of Dodona, as well as the city of Dodona itself, are proofs that some remembrance of Dodanim had remained with the people, who derived their first establishment and origin from him. This is all that can be said with any certainty concerning the true origin of the Grecian nations. The holy scripture, whose design is not to satisfy our curiosity, but to nourish and improve our piety, after scattering these few rays of light, leaves us in utter darkness concerning the rest of their history; which therefore can only be collected from profane authors. If we may believe || Pliny, the Grecians were so called from the name of an ancient king, of whom they had but a very 1 Macc. i. 1. + Egressus de terra Cethim. Phillippum et Perseum Cetheorum reges. Ver, 5. § Δωδώνη ἀπὸ Δωδώνη τῷ Διὸς καὶ Εὐρώπης. Stephanus. Η Lib. iv. c. 7. uncertain tradition. Homer in his poems calls them Hellenes, Danai, Argives, and Achaians. It is observable, that the word Græcus is not once used in Virgil. The exceeding rusticity of the first Grecians would appear incredible, if we could call in question the testimony of their own historians upon that article. But a people so vain of their origin, as to adorn it by fiction and fable, we may be sure would never think of inventing any thing in its disparagement.. Who would imagine, that the people, to whom the world is indebted for all her knowledge in literature and the sciences, should be descended from mere savages, who knew no other law than force, and were ignorant even of agriculture? And yet this appears plainly to be the case, from the divine honours they decreed to the person who first taught them to feed upon acorns, as a more delicate and wholesome nourishment than herbs. There was still a great distance from this first improvement to a state of urbanity and politeness; nor did they indeed arrive at the latter, till after a long process of time. ** The weakest were not the last to understand the necessity of living together in society, in order to defend themselves against violence and oppression. At first they built single houses at a distance from one another: the number of which insensibly increasing, formed in time towns and cities. But the bare living together in society was not sufficient to polish such a people. Egypt and Phoenicia had the honour of doing this. Both these nations contributed to instruct and civilize the Grecians, by the colonies they sent among them. The latter taught them navigation, writing and commerce; the former the knowledge of their laws and polity, gave them a taste for arts and sciences, and initiated them into their mysteries. + Greece, in her infant state, was exposed to great commotions and frequent revolutions; because, as the people had no settled correspondence, and no superior power to give laws to the rest, every thing was determined by force and violence. The strongest invaded the lands of their neighbours which they thought most fertile and delightful, and dispossessed the lawful owners, who were obliged to seek new settlements elsewhere. As Attica was a dry and barren country, its inhabitants, had not the same invasions and outrages to fear, and therefore consequently kept themselves in possession of their ancient territories; for which reason they took the name of auroxoves. that is, men born in the country where they lived, to distinguish themselves from the rest of the nations, that had almost all transplanted themselves from place to place. Pausan. I. viii. p. 455, 456. ** Pelasgus. * Herod. l. ii. c. 58. et l. v. c. 58-60. Plin. 1. v. c. 12 et L. vii. c. 56. Thucyd. lib. i. p. 2. Such were in general the first beginnings of Greece. We must now enter into a more particular detail, and give a brief account of the establishment of the several different states whereof the whole country consisted. ARTICLE IV. THE DIFFERENT STATES INTO DIVIDED. WHICH GREECE WAS In those early times kingdoms were but inconsiderable, and of very small extent, the title of kingdom being often given to a single city, with a few leagues of land depending upon it. Sicyon. The most ancient kingdom of Greece was that of Sicyon; whose beginning is placed by Eusebius 1318 years before the first Olympiad. Its duration is believed to have been about 1000 years. Argos. The kingdom of Argos, in Peloponnesus, began 1080 years before the first Olympiad, in the time of Abraham. The first king of it was Inachus. His successors were, his son Phoroneus; Apis; Argus, from whom the country took its name; and, after several others, Gelanor, who was dethroned and expelled his kingdom by Danaus, the Egyptian. †The successors of this last were first Lynceus, the son of his brother Ægyptus, who alone, of 50 brothers, escaped the cruelty of the Danaides; then Abas, Proetus, and Acrisius. Of Danaë, daughter to the last, was born Perseus, who having, when he was grown up, unfortunately killed his grandfather Acrisius, and not being able to bear the sight of Argos, where he committed that involuntary murder, withdrew to Mycenæ, and there fixed the seat of his kingdom. Mycena. Perseus then translated the seat of the kingdom from Argos to Mycena. He left several sons behind him ; among others Alcæus, Sthenelus, and Electryon. Alcaus was the father of Amphitryon, Sthenelus of Eurystheus, and Electryon of Alcmena. Amphitryon, married Alcmena, upon whom Jupiter begat Hercules. Eurystheus and Hercules came into the world the same day; but as the birth of the former was by Juno's management antecedent to that of the latter, Hercules was forced to be subject to him, and was obliged by his order to undertake the twelve labours, so celebrated in fable. The kings who reigned at Mycenæ after Perseus were, Electryon, Sthenelus, and Eurystheus. The last, after the death of Hercules, declared open war against his descendants, appre A. M. 1915. A. M. 2148. †A. M. 2530. Ant. J. C. 2089. Ant. J. C. 1856. Euseb. in Chron. |