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Hypnotism was in future immune from the more serious disease of Animal Magnetism.

Braid's lack of enthusiasm gave the keynote to his followers; and although we find that some of scientific reputation, such as Sir Benjamin Brodie and Sir David Brewster, accepted Braid's views, at least provisionally, still Dr. Carpenter was almost his only follower of distinction who can be called a propagandist of Hypnotism.* It was Dr. Carpenter's article on Sleep in Todd's "Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology" that called the attention of Doctor Azam to Hypnotism. But Dr. Carpenter had fish to fry of his own; indeed, his theories of "Ideo-motor Action," and "Expectant Attention" took up a good deal of his frying-pan! It was those theories that opened the door to verbal suggestion, and laid the foundation for the Suggestive Therapeutics of the Nancy School; and it was from Electro-biology (which was in full swing during the last twelve years of Braid's life) that Dr. Carpenter took those two theories; not from the ideas and practices of Braid, to which they are very little applicable; for, as Dr. Philips (Durand de Gros) puts it in his "Cours Théorique et Pratique de Braidisme," published in the year in which Braid died:

"What further characterises Electro-biology is that, while Mr. Braid and his disciples expect the desired effect from the spontaneity of the hypnotic state, Mr. Grimes and his imitators

In a letter to the "Medical Times," Dr. Carpenter accounted for the apathy of his professional brethren thus:"So long as public opinion is such that to uphold Mesmerism is to expose oneself to the imputation of being either credulous or unprincipled, it cannot be expected that those who depend for their livelihood on the estimation in which they are held should be very ready to place themselves in the way of thus losing caste among their brethren and the public."

know how to bring it about at will, by bringing into action the influence of verbal suggestion."

Braid is sandwiched in between the Mesmerisers and the Suggestionists, and he still acts as a diaphram to keep them apart. He offered the same kind of passive resistance to Electro-biology that he did to Animal Magnetism; and in both cases the name seems to have prejudiced him against the thing. Braid's system is quite as different from that of our present hypnotists as the system of Mesmer was different from that of De Puységur; for suggestion bears much the same relation to the mechanical process of Braid that the will power and passes of the later magnetisers did to the original baquets and "chains:" Neither Mesmer nor Braid received for their discoveries the recognition which those discoveries merited; and both discoveries-the "crisis" and the "nervous sleep "" -are still waiting for intelligent investigation; for in both cases attention. was drawn away from the original discovery before it had been studied and understood, and that caused the discovery to be neglected and forgotten.

Braid's experiments and successes brought the effect of "fascination" into strong relief. The fixation of the eye had already, under Ragazzoni and Lafontaine, become a principal part of the mesmeric process, and most of the phenomena of modern Hypnotism were known to the the magnetisers as occurring in the stage of the magnetic sleep which precedes somnambulic lucidity. But early in the forties, as we have seen, Braid showed that these phenomena of fascination could be produced without the exercise of will, and without belief; and a good

many people began to experiment in fascination, without, however, accepting Braid's theories, or following his method very closely, and very soon two hypnotic states were generally recognised: the one, a condition of "nervous sleep," similiar to that at which Braid aimed; the other, a "nervous" waking state, similiar to Braid's "sub-hypnotic" condition ; in both of which states "suggestibility" is very strongly developed. The nervous waking state lent itself admirably to public exhibitions, for the subject in that condition, when made the victim of even the most preposterous delusions, retains all the outward appearance of being in his ordinary condition, and quite believes himself to be so; and a series of hallucinations can then be given and removed without taking the subject out of the hypnotic condition. The nervous sleeping state was, soon after Braid's day, utilised by a few medical men, who employed suggestion to influence directly the various operations of organic life; but in that form, Hypnotism was too obviously connected with Animal Magnetism to engage the attention of the Faculty generally; and, even still, a disclaimer of Mesmerism is expected from the medical hypnotist.

The nervous waking state, or sub-hypnotic condition, was known to the old magnetisers, but neither they nor Braid made a study of it, both of them regarding it as a kind of useless "by-product." It was the Electro-biologists who brought that peculiar condition into prominence and demonstrated the extraordinary power of suggestion, and it is that power which these suggestions possess that is turned to account by our Suggestionists. Our present

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hypnotists, in fact, merely apply the method of Electro-biology to the cure of disease. They are "changlings," not the real children of Braid.

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The Statuvolism of Fahnstock.

Now, although Braid greatly influenced the evolution of Hypnotism in Europe, he was, as I have said, only one of several innovators who appeared and flourished about the same time, most of them, like Fahnstock and Sunderland, belonging to the United States. Dr. Theodore Leger, the Psychodunamist," for instance, belongs to Braid's generation; he, however, was a magnetiser of De Puységur's school, for he was Deleuze's pupil and intimate friend (Deleuze died, a very old man, in 1833). Dr. Leger lectured and practised in the United States in 1844, accompanied by a medical clairvoyant who was remarkably successful. Although he was practically a simple magnetiser, he had some influence upon the march of events, especially in the United States, by the doubts he cast upon the theories of the magnetisers through his own metaphysical doctrines, and through his substitution of the name "Psychodunamy" (from Psyche soul, and Dunamis power) for "Animal Magnetism.”

Another innovator belonging to Braid's generation was Dr. J. Rodes Buchanan, who, in 1841, put forward his system of "Neurology," afterwards called "Anthropology." While denying the theories of the magnetisers, and ridiculing their processes, Dr. Buchanan produced many of their phenomena by touching, or pointing at, various parts of the head

and body; and in his hands the methods of the magnetisers had results quite different from those which they produced in the magnetisers' own. Dr. Buchanan was the discoverer of Psychometry, a highly interesting form of clairvoyance belonging to the same group of psychic phenomena as crystal gazing. He also perfected a system of Phrenology, which differs from that of Gall, and is more elaborate; for Dr. Buchanan located a number of new organs by acting experimentally on various parts of the head; and it was by operating on the phrenological organs that he produced most of his phenomenal or "neurological" results. results. Although containing much that is instructive, Dr. Buchanan's Anthropology suffers a good deal from the tendency which its inventor, like all systematisers, evinces to believe too much in himself, and too little in other people. He was a very thorny subject for the other theorisers to tackle, a regular anarchist in Psychology, a veritable bull in the Mesmeric "china shop," as is shown by a letter he wrote for publication regarding Laroy Sunderland in 1844. In it he says:

"I do not perceive the necessity of new terms, such as Pathetism, for facts which were previously known under other names, such as Mesmerism, Neurology, &c. Neither do I think it makes any difference whether we suppose that we operate by a fluid or a solid, by mind or by matter, by an influence, an attraction, or a sympathy, or by nothing at all. This is one of the small points, which are hardly worthy of discussion present. Nor do I think experiments worth much in themselves, unless they reveal something unless they reveal the principles of physiology. My experiments do prove something: they establish a new system of Phrenology and Physiology.”.

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Dr. Buchanan's method for putting his subject

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