country abounding with this wood: it is conveyed by water to Markamousa, and from thence carried, by land, to the Sheleksa, by which it goes down the Dvina to Archangel. The IKSA, SINTUGA, KOSHA, MITUGA, and KODENA, are small rivulets, full of rapids and stones.

Division of Inland Communication belonging to the Northern DVINA.

The DVINA, one of the largest rivers in Europe, with its different branches, is deserving of particular attention. It is navigable, and a great traffic is carried thereon, and the streams that fall into it, to Archangel, the only port in possession of Russia till the eighteenth century. It empties itself into the White Sea, by five different channels: two of these only are navigable.

Rivers falling into the DVINA.

The PINEGA: timber is floated down this river. VITZEGDA into this river falls the Northern Keltma, which it was intended to unite with a southern river of the same name, that joins the Kama. (Vide "The Section concerning the navigation of the Volga.") A Canal,

proposed by General Souchtelen, was begun; but the war put a stop to the work. At a small expense, a new branch of navigation would have been opened between the provinces of Permia, Viatka, &c. and Archangel; not only for the purposes of trade, but the conveyance of timber for the Admiralty.

VAGA.

Its source being from a morass, is consequently little fit for navigation, but some timber is floated on this river,

UGA, and Lower Souchona, two of the principal branches of the Dvina: the latter is deserving of principal consideration, as great quantities of grain and other merchandize are transported by it to Archangel, from Vologda and its neighbourhood. Its source is from the Lake Koubenska, by means of which it is intended to open a communication between the Souchona and River Seleksa.

DIVISION THE SECOND.

Finland Waters,

The NEVA. The advantages of this river have already been described, as it opens a communication between the Volga and the port of St. Petersburg and Cronstadt.

Between ST. PETERSBURG and SCHLUSSELburg, the following Streams fall into the NEVA.

The IOSNA, and ISHOR: though inconsiderable, small barks frequent them; also timber, and wood for fuel, floated.

OCHTA, not navigable.

MOIKA, and IONTALKA, are canals dug through the city of St. Petersburg, for the reception of some barks from Vyshney Voloshok.

Rivers on the Coast of FINLAND.

The KUMEN is the outlet of the water from numberless lakes in Finland; it is not navigable but at its estuary, where is now the station of the galley fleet, or port of Rotsenzalme.

At the building of different fortifications on the frontier, it was thought necessary to make a communication by water between the respective fortresses, to avoid passing the line of demarcation by land, which they were formerly obliged to do: for this purpose canals were dug; through these, and some lakes, a passage by water may be effected, round the Swedish frontier, even as far as Nenschlot. The KOUTVALENTAISKOY, KOUTVELENTRIPOLand KAFKINSKOY, KOUKOTAIPOLSKOY, TELETAIPOLSKOY, flow in various directions,

SKOY,

and through different places, from Wilmánstrand to Nenschlot.

Rivers on the Coast of INGERMANLAND.

The LUGA; small, but in spring, during the high water, vessels and floats of wood pass, from the neighbourhood of the town of Luga, to Narva.

NAROVA, is only navigable from the town of Narva to its falling into the Gulph of Finland. In the course of this river, from its source at the extensive Lake of Peypus, to the town of Narva, are such cataracts (one of which is fourteen feet perpendicular) as will ever render the navigation of this river absolutely impracticable. From the Plusa, barks and timber are conveyed to the Narova, for the port of Narva. This river is remarkable for its great annual inundations in spring. The Lake Pskof, which is only a continuation of the Lake Peypus, Tzudskoé, being one body of water, is more remarkable for its fisheries than the navigation carried thereon: some barks, however, pass through it, from the Cataracts of the Narova and the Embach, to Pskof. Several rivers fall into it: the Velikaia is the chief, as some barks pass through it from the neighbourhood of Opolska, during its high water in spring. Its bottom is full

of stones, and has many rapids and whirlpools. The Vo flows from the Lake Vagoula near Verro, and falls into the Peypus, or Pshof Lake. It is projected to unite the Lake Vagoula with the Schwartzbach, by a branch of the River Aa (Gavia), falling into the Baltic near Riga, which would be of considerable advantage to the trade of that port.

The EMBACH falls also into Peypus. Many vessels pass through it, from the vicinity of the city of Dornat to Pernan: this river joins the Lake Urief. Means are sought to unite this river, by a canal, with Navat, a principal branch of the Phinert, towards Pernan.

Rivers on the Coast of ESTONIA and LIVONIA.

From the mouth of the Narova, to the port of Pernan, only small rivulets are to be found, full of water-falls. The Brihitma, near Reval, Yasovala, Fena, Vighterbach, &c. are the principal, but only serve as watering-places for the fleet, in time of war.

It was supposed practicable, in 1793, to join the Finnere with the Embach by means of a canal, and thereby open a open a communication between the Lakes Virtz and the River